Nursing Elites

1. What is the common name for the organic compound CH₃OH?

• A. Methane
• B. Ethanol
• C. Methanol
• D. Butanol

Correct answer: C

Rationale: CH₃OH is commonly known as methanol. The other choices represent different organic compounds.

2. . Edema, characterized by swelling due to fluid buildup, can be a sign of:

• A. Heart failure
• B. Liver disease
• C. Lymphatic system dysfunction
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Edema, which is the accumulation of fluid in tissues leading to swelling, can be caused by various medical conditions. Heart failure can result in fluid retention due to the heart's inability to pump effectively, leading to edema. Liver disease can cause edema by impairing the liver's ability to produce proteins that help maintain fluid balance. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system can also lead to edema, as the lymphatic vessels play a crucial role in draining excess fluid from tissues. Therefore, all the options (heart failure, liver disease, and lymphatic system dysfunction) can contribute to the development of edema, making 'All of the above' the correct answer.

3. T cells in the immune system can be categorized into different types. What type of T cell directly kills infected body cells?

• A. Helper T cells
• B. Cytotoxic T cells
• C. Regulatory T cells
• D. Memory T cells

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Cytotoxic T cells directly kill infected body cells. These T cells recognize and destroy cells that are infected with viruses or other pathogens. They are crucial for eliminating threats within the body. Helper T cells, on the other hand, assist in coordinating the immune response by activating other immune cells. Regulatory T cells help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune reactions. Memory T cells are responsible for 'remembering' specific pathogens to mount a faster and stronger immune response upon re-exposure. Therefore, cytotoxic T cells are the correct answer as they directly target and kill infected cells.

4. Which process involves the body's natural defense against inhaled dust and allergens?

• A. Cellular respiration
• B. Gas exchange
• C. Ciliary action
• D. Bronchoconstriction

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Ciliary action. Cilia are tiny hair-like structures lining the respiratory tract that help trap and remove inhaled dust and allergens. When these particles are trapped in the mucus produced by the cilia, the cilia beat in a coordinated fashion to move the mucus and its trapped particles out of the respiratory system, preventing them from reaching the lungs. Cellular respiration (A) is the process by which cells generate energy from nutrients, not a defense mechanism. Gas exchange (B) refers to the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs, not a defense mechanism. Bronchoconstriction (D) is the narrowing of the airways, often in response to triggers like allergens, but it is not the body's natural defense mechanism against inhaled dust and allergens.

5. The three main types of muscle tissue in the human body are:

• A. Smooth, cardiac, and voluntary skeletal
• B. Smooth, skeletal, and involuntary cardiac
• C. Voluntary smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
• D. Striated, non-striated, and epithelial

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Smooth, cardiac, and voluntary skeletal. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, cardiac muscle makes up the heart, and voluntary skeletal muscle is attached to the bones and responsible for movement. Choice B is incorrect because cardiac muscle is involuntary, not voluntary. Choice C is incorrect because smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are involuntary, not voluntary. Choice D is incorrect because 'striated' and 'non-striated' refer to the appearance of muscle fibers, not the main types of muscle tissue in the body.

6. The primary site for nutrient absorption from digested food in the human digestive system is the:

• A. Esophagus
• B. Large intestine
• C. Small intestine
• D. Stomach

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Small intestine. The small intestine is the primary site for nutrient absorption in the human digestive system. It is in the small intestine where the majority of nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, are broken down further and absorbed into the bloodstream to be utilized by the body. The large surface area of the small intestine, lined with villi and microvilli, facilitates efficient absorption of nutrients. The esophagus is responsible for transporting food from the mouth to the stomach, the stomach aids in digestion, and the large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, not nutrients.

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