Nursing Elites

1. What is the building block of RNA?

• A. Amino acid
• B. Nucleotide
• C. Protein
• D. Fatty acid

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: A) Amino acid: Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, not RNA. B) Nucleotide: Nucleotides are the building blocks of RNA. A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil in RNA), a sugar (ribose in RNA), and a phosphate group. C) Protein: Proteins are made up of amino acids, not nucleotides. D) Fatty acid: Fatty acids are components of lipids, not RNA.

2. Differentiate between genotype and phenotype in the context of gene expression.

• A. Genotype refers to the physical manifestation of a trait, while phenotype represents its underlying genetic makeup.
• B. Genotype encompasses the spectrum of possible traits encoded by an organism's genes, while phenotype signifies the specific trait observed.
• C. Genotype denotes the presence of dominant alleles, while phenotype reflects the influence of recessive alleles.
• D. There is no distinction; both terms are interchangeable.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: - Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, including all the genes and alleles it possesses. - Phenotype, on the other hand, refers to the observable physical characteristics or traits of an organism, which result from the interaction between its genotype and the environment. - While genotype represents the genetic potential or range of traits that an organism can express, phenotype reflects the actual expression of specific traits. - Therefore, option B correctly captures the distinction between genotype and phenotype in the context of gene expression.

3. Which type of muscle tissue has a unique branching network and is found in the heart?

• A. Skeletal muscle
• B. Cardiac muscle
• C. Smooth muscle
• D. Multifidus muscle

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B - Cardiac muscle. Cardiac muscle is the type of muscle tissue that has a unique branching network and is specifically found in the heart. Unlike skeletal muscle, which is attached to bones and allows for voluntary movement, cardiac muscle is involuntary and contracts to pump blood throughout the body. Smooth muscle is found in organs like the intestines and blood vessels, while the multifidus muscle is a specific muscle in the back. Therefore, cardiac muscle is the appropriate choice in this scenario.

4. What is the term for a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a mitochondrial gene?

• A. Autosomal dominant disorder
• B. Autosomal recessive disorder
• C. Sex-linked disorder
• D. Mitochondrial disorder

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: A) Autosomal dominant disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in one copy of an autosomal gene. It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. B) Autosomal recessive disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in both copies of an autosomal gene. It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. C) Sex-linked disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in genes located on the sex chromosomes (X or Y). It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. D) Mitochondrial disorder: Mitochondrial disorders are genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes located in the mitochondria, the energy-producing structures within cells. These disorders are inherited maternally and can affect various organs and systems in the body due to the role of mitochondria in energy production.

5. The fluid-filled, jelly-like substance within the cell that suspends the organelles is called the:

• A. Nucleus
• B. Cytoplasm
• C. Plasma membrane
• D. Golgi apparatus

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is the fluid-filled, jelly-like substance within the cell that suspends the organelles. It is where many cellular processes take place, such as metabolism and protein synthesis. The nucleus (option A) is the organelle that contains the cell's genetic material, the plasma membrane (option C) is the outer boundary of the cell that regulates what enters and exits the cell, and the Golgi apparatus (option D) is involved in processing and packaging proteins. Understanding the functions of each organelle is crucial in recognizing that the cytoplasm is the correct answer in this context.

6. Entropy (S) is a thermodynamic property related to the system's disorder. According to the second law of thermodynamics, in a spontaneous process:

• A. The total entropy of the system and surroundings increases.
• B. The total entropy of the system and surroundings decreases.
• C. The total entropy of the system remains constant.
• D. The total entropy of the surroundings increases, while the system's entropy decreases.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Entropy is a measure of a system's disorder or randomness. According to the second law of thermodynamics, in a spontaneous process, the total entropy of the system and surroundings increases, leading to a higher level of disorder or randomness. This increase in total entropy is consistent with the idea that systems tend towards higher entropy states over time. Therefore, option A is correct because it aligns with the principle that the total entropy of a closed system, including both the system and its surroundings, will increase in a spontaneous process.

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