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Nursing Elites

ATI TEAS 7

Biology

1. What is the building block of RNA?

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: A) Amino acid: Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, not RNA. B) Nucleotide: Nucleotides are the building blocks of RNA. A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil in RNA), a sugar (ribose in RNA), and a phosphate group. C) Protein: Proteins are made up of amino acids, not nucleotides. D) Fatty acid: Fatty acids are components of lipids, not RNA.

2. What is the process of converting simple sugars into complex carbohydrates called?

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: A) Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate to produce energy. B) Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids or glycerol. C) The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. D) Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced using energy derived from the electron transport chain.

3. The innate immune system provides:

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Nonspecific, immediate defense against pathogens.' The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against pathogens and provides a rapid, nonspecific response. It includes physical barriers like the skin, chemical barriers like stomach acid, and cellular responses like inflammation. This system does not involve memory cells or provide long-term immunity, which are characteristics of the adaptive immune system. Therefore, option A accurately describes the function of the innate immune system as a quick and nonspecific defense mechanism.

4. What is the difference between polygenic inheritance and pleiotropy?

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: - Polygenic inheritance refers to the situation where a trait is influenced by multiple genes, each contributing a small effect to the phenotype. These traits often show continuous variation and are not easily categorized into discrete categories. - Pleiotropy, on the other hand, occurs when a single gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated traits. This means that a mutation in one gene can lead to multiple phenotypic effects across different traits or characteristics. - Therefore, the key difference between polygenic inheritance and pleiotropy lies in the number of genes involved in influencing a trait (multiple genes in polygenic inheritance vs. one gene in pleiotropy) and the direction of influence (one trait affected by multiple genes in polygenic inheritance vs. multiple traits affected by one gene in pleiotropy).

5. What is the function of arrector pili muscles?

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'To contract and cause goosebumps.' Arrector pili muscles are small muscles attached to hair follicles in the skin. When these muscles contract, they cause the hair to stand upright, resulting in the appearance of goosebumps. This physiological response is a remnant of our evolutionary past when our ancestors had more hair, and the raised hair helped to trap air for insulation or to make them look larger when threatened. Therefore, the function of arrector pili muscles is not to control sweat production (A), produce sebum (C), or sense touch (D), but rather to create the physical response of goosebumps.

6. A study finds a link between increased sugar intake and obesity. Does this confirm sugar causes obesity?

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Correlation suggests a link, but other factors might contribute. Further research is needed to establish the direction and strength of any causal relationship.

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