Nursing Elites

1. The adaptive immune system has two main branches: humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for antibody production?

• A. Helper T cells
• B. Cytotoxic T cells
• C. B cells
• D. Natural killer cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: B cells. B cells are a type of lymphocyte that plays a central role in humoral immunity by producing antibodies. When activated by antigens, B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which are responsible for producing and secreting antibodies. Helper T cells (option A) primarily assist in activating B cells and other immune cells. Cytotoxic T cells (option B) are involved in cell-mediated immunity, where they directly kill infected cells. Natural killer cells (option D) are part of the innate immune system and target virus-infected and cancerous cells. Therefore, B cells are the immune cells primarily responsible for antibody production in the adaptive immune system.

2. What is the name of the master gland that regulates the function of many other endocrine glands?

• A. Thyroid gland
• B. Pituitary gland
• C. Hypothalamus
• D. Adrenal gland

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is often referred to as the 'master gland' because it plays a crucial role in regulating the function of many other endocrine glands in the body. It secretes hormones that control various processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. The thyroid gland (A) primarily regulates metabolism, the hypothalamus (C) helps control the pituitary gland, and the adrenal gland (D) produces hormones involved in stress response. Therefore, the pituitary gland is the main gland responsible for coordinating the activities of other endocrine glands, earning it the title of the master gland.

3. Peppered moths in England came in two color variations – light and dark. After the Industrial Revolution, the population shifted towards more dark moths. This is an example of:

• A. Artificial selection (humans breeding for desired traits)
• B. Natural selection acting on pre-existing variation
• C. Punctuated equilibrium (rapid bursts of evolution)
• D. Lamarckism (inheritance of acquired characteristics)

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: The phenomenon of peppered moths in England shifting towards more dark moths after the Industrial Revolution is a classic example of natural selection acting on pre-existing variation. Before the Industrial Revolution, light-colored moths were better camouflaged against lichen-covered tree trunks, which were common in the environment. However, with the increase in industrial pollution, the tree trunks became darker due to soot, making dark-colored moths better camouflaged and less likely to be eaten by predators. As a result, the population shifted towards more dark moths over time. This change in the moth population was driven by the selective pressure of predation, demonstrating the process of natural selection favoring individuals with traits that provide a survival advantage in a changing environment.

4. Which additional information would be MOST relevant to the topic of the passage?

• A. A detailed history of the development of specific social media platforms.
• B. Studies on the psychological effects of prolonged social media use on teenagers.
• C. Statistics on the global economic impact of the social media industry.
• D. Technical explanations of the algorithms used by social media platforms.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Studies on the psychological effects of social media use directly relate to the passage's concerns about mental health impacts, making it the most relevant information.

5. What is the term for the number of moles of solute per liter of solution?

• A. Molarity
• B. Molality
• C. Normality
• D. Concentration

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. The other choices are different concentration units.

6. During inhalation, which muscle contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow into the lungs?

• A. Diaphragm
• B. Intercostal muscles
• C. Abdominal muscles
• D. Pectoral muscles

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Diaphragm. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This action creates a pressure difference between the lungs and the atmosphere, causing air to flow into the lungs. The intercostal muscles also play a role by expanding the ribcage, but the primary muscle responsible for increasing thoracic cavity volume during inhalation is the diaphragm. Abdominal muscles are involved in exhalation by contracting to push the diaphragm up, reducing thoracic cavity volume. Pectoral muscles are located in the chest and are not directly involved in the breathing process.

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