Nursing Elites

1. What is the term for a solution that has a lower concentration of solute compared to another solution?

• A. Saturated solution
• B. Unsaturated solution
• C. Dilute solution
• D. Concentrated solution

Correct answer: C

Rationale: A dilute solution has a lower concentration of solute compared to another solution. The other choices do not accurately describe a dilute solution.

2. Which term refers to the point of contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber, where communication occurs to initiate muscle contraction?

• A. Sarcomere
• B. Synapse
• C. Tendon
• D. Myofibril

Correct answer: b

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Synapse. A synapse is the point of contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. At the synapse, communication occurs in the form of neurotransmitters being released from the neuron and binding to receptors on the muscle fiber, initiating muscle contraction. A sarcomere refers to the basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber, not the point of contact between a motor neuron and muscle fiber. A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone, not the communication point. Myofibril is a structure within muscle fibers that contains sarcomeres, but it is not the specific term for the point of contact between a motor neuron and muscle fiber.

3. Edema is a condition characterized by swelling caused by a buildup of lymph fluid. What factors can contribute to edema?

• A. Regular exercise
• B. Maintaining a healthy weight
• C. Poor circulation or blockage in the lymphatic system
• D. Proper hydration

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Edema is a condition where there is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body tissues, leading to swelling. Poor circulation or blockage in the lymphatic system can contribute to edema by hindering the proper drainage of lymph fluid. When the lymphatic system is not functioning efficiently, it can result in fluid retention and swelling in the affected areas. Regular exercise and maintaining a healthy weight can actually help improve circulation and lymphatic flow, reducing the risk of edema. Proper hydration is important for overall health but specifically does not directly contribute to the development of edema as poor circulation or lymphatic blockages do.

4. Which of the following hormones is produced by the adrenal medulla and prepares the body for a stressful situation?

• A. Testosterone
• B. Cortisol
• C. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
• D. Growth hormone

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Epinephrine (adrenaline). Epinephrine is produced by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for preparing the body for a stressful situation, often referred to as the 'fight or flight' response. Testosterone is a hormone produced by the testes in males and in smaller amounts by the ovaries in females, responsible for male sexual characteristics. Cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex and plays a role in regulating metabolism and immune response. Growth hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and is essential for growth, cell repair, and metabolism. Therefore, epinephrine is the hormone specifically produced by the adrenal medulla to prepare the body for stress.

5. Vaccines work by:

• A. Directly killing pathogens
• B. Introducing weakened or inactive versions of pathogens to trigger immune response
• C. Stimulating production of specific antibodies immediately
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Introducing weakened or inactive versions of pathogens to trigger an immune response. Vaccines work by exposing the immune system to a harmless version of a pathogen, which allows the body to recognize and develop a defense against the pathogen without causing illness. This process stimulates the immune system to produce memory cells that can quickly recognize and attack the pathogen if encountered in the future. Vaccines do not directly kill pathogens (option A) or immediately stimulate the production of specific antibodies (option C). Therefore, option B is the most accurate description of how vaccines work.

6. What is the relationship between the frequency and period of a wave?

• A. They are unrelated
• B. Frequency = Period
• C. Frequency = 1/Period
• D. Period = 1/Frequency

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct relationship between frequency and period of a wave is that Period = 1/Frequency. This means that the period of a wave is the reciprocal of its frequency. Frequency is the number of complete cycles of a wave that occur in a unit of time, while the period is the time it takes for one complete cycle of the wave to occur. Since frequency and period are inversely related, the correct formula is Period = 1/Frequency.

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