Nursing Elites

1. A book slides across a table. What determines the magnitude of the frictional force acting on the book?

• A. Only the mass of the book
• B. Only the normal force from the table
• C. Both the mass of the book and the normal force from the table
• D. Neither the mass of the book nor the normal force from the table

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Both the mass of the book and the normal force from the table. Friction is proportional to both the normal force and the coefficient of friction, which depends on the materials in contact. Since the normal force depends on the weight of the object (mass x gravity), both factors are important.

2. The author expresses concern about the...

• A. high cost and limited efficiency of traditional fossil fuel power plants.
• B. unpredictable weather patterns and their impact on renewable energy production.
• C. increasing dependence on technology and potential cybersecurity risks.
• D. negative environmental consequences of renewable energy infrastructure.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The passage's focus on managing the intermittency of renewable energy due to weather conditions implies concern about B.

3. Which type of joint allows for the widest range of motion, like the shoulder joint?

• A. Hinge joint
• B. Ball-and-socket joint
• C. Gliding joint
• D. Fixed joint

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ball-and-socket joint. A ball-and-socket joint, like the shoulder joint, allows for the widest range of motion in all directions, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. This type of joint consists of a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cup-like socket of another bone, providing great mobility and flexibility. Hinge joints, like the elbow, only allow movement in one plane (like a door hinge), gliding joints permit limited sliding movements between bones, and fixed joints, such as those in the skull, have no movement at all.

4. Which property of a substance refers to its ability to undergo a chemical change and form new substances?

• A. Density
• B. Mass
• C. Reactivity
• D. Volume

Correct answer: c

Rationale: Reactivity refers to a substance's ability to undergo chemical changes, forming new substances with different properties.

5. When light interacts with a perfectly smooth surface, like a mirror, the dominant interaction is:

• A. Refraction
• B. Diffraction
• C. Total internal reflection
• D. Specular reflection

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Specular reflection. When light interacts with a perfectly smooth surface like a mirror, it undergoes specular reflection, where the light rays are reflected at the same angle as the incident angle. Refraction (option A) occurs when light passes from one medium to another at an angle, causing it to change direction. Diffraction (option B) is the bending of light waves around obstacles or through small openings. Total internal reflection (option C) occurs when light traveling in a medium strikes the boundary with another medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, causing the light to reflect back into the original medium. In the case of a perfectly smooth surface, specular reflection is the dominant interaction as the light rays reflect in a single direction with minimal scattering or diffraction.

6. The Gram stain is a differential staining technique used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall composition. Gram-positive bacteria appear

• A. Pink
• B. Blue
• C. Red
• D. Purple

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: The Gram stain is a differential staining technique that divides bacteria into two groups based on their cell wall composition: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining procedure. As a result, Gram-positive bacteria appear purple under the microscope after staining. In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane that can be penetrated by the counterstain safranin, causing them to appear pink or red. Blue is not typically used to describe the color of bacteria in a Gram stain.

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