Nursing Elites

1. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets and destroys which type of immune cell?

• A. Neutrophils
• B. Macrophages
• C. Helper T cells
• D. Memory B cells

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Helper T cells. HIV targets and destroys Helper T cells, which are a crucial component of the immune system responsible for coordinating the immune response. Neutrophils and macrophages are also important immune cells, but they are not the primary target of HIV. Memory B cells are responsible for mounting a rapid response upon re-exposure to a pathogen but are not the main target of HIV. Thus, HIV primarily affects Helper T cells, leading to the weakening of the immune system and the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

2. The outermost layer of your skin is an example of which epithelial tissue type?

• A. Simple cuboidal
• B. Stratified squamous
• C. Simple columnar
• D. Stratified columnar

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Stratified squamous. The outermost layer of the skin, known as the epidermis, is primarily composed of stratified squamous epithelium. This type of epithelial tissue is designed to protect underlying tissues from abrasion and external factors. Simple cuboidal epithelium (option A) is typically found in areas where secretion and absorption occur, like in kidney tubules. Simple columnar epithelium (option C) lines the intestines and aids in absorption. Stratified columnar epithelium (option D) is relatively rare in the body and is found in limited areas such as parts of the male urethra. Hence, option B is the best choice as it accurately reflects the specific type of epithelial tissue that forms the outer layer of the skin.

3. The lymphatic system works closely with which other body system to fight infections?

• A. Respiratory system
• B. Digestive system
• C. Immune system
• D. Nervous system

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is the Respiratory system. The lymphatic system and the respiratory system work closely together to fight infections. The respiratory system helps to filter out pathogens and other harmful substances from the air we breathe, while the lymphatic system produces and transports white blood cells (lymphocytes) that play a key role in the immune response against infections. This collaboration helps the body to defend against respiratory infections and maintain overall health.

4. Tissues are groups of cells with similar:

• A. Appearance only
• B. Function and structure
• C. Location only
• D. Age only

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Function and structure.' Tissues are groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function in the body. These cells have both similar functions, such as carrying out a specific task like contracting in muscle tissue, and similar structures, such as having similar shapes or types of organelles. This allows them to work together efficiently and effectively. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because tissues are defined by more than just appearance, location, or age; they are primarily characterized by their shared function and structure.

5. The K-capture process, a type of electron capture, involves the capture of an electron from which electron shell:

• A. The outermost s-orbital
• B. An inner p-orbital
• C. An inner d-orbital
• D. Any available electron shell

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The K-capture process involves the capture of an electron from the innermost electron shell, known as the K-shell. The K-shell is represented by the outermost s-orbital in an atom's electron configuration. When an electron from the K-shell is captured, it results in the transition of a proton to a neutron in the nucleus, thereby changing the atomic number of the element. Therefore, option A, 'The outermost s-orbital,' is the correct answer as it accurately describes the electron shell involved in the K-capture process.

6. What disease is characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting?

• A. Muscular dystrophy
• B. Myositis
• C. Fibromyalgia
• D. Carpal tunnel syndrome

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Muscular dystrophy. Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting over time. It primarily affects skeletal muscles, leading to difficulties in movement and muscle function. Myositis is an inflammatory condition affecting the muscles, but it may not always result in progressive muscle weakness and wasting. Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue, not necessarily progressive muscle weakness. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a compression neuropathy affecting the median nerve in the wrist, leading to symptoms like numbness and tingling in the hand, but it does not cause progressive muscle weakness and wasting like muscular dystrophy does.

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