Nursing Elites

1. What are the key differences between cytokinesis in plant and animal cells?

• A. Animal cells utilize an actomyosin ring for cleavage furrow formation, while plant cells lack this mechanism.
• B. Plant cells rely on the assembly of a cell plate in the center of the dividing cell, ultimately separating the cytoplasm.
• C. Cytokinesis in both plant and animal cells is driven by the expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum.
• D. Both types of cells achieve cytokinesis through similar membrane pinching and constriction mechanisms.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: A) Animal cells utilize an actomyosin ring for cleavage furrow formation, while plant cells lack this mechanism. - This statement is true. Animal cells use an actomyosin ring to form a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis, while plant cells do not have this mechanism. Instead, plant cells form a cell plate. B) Plant cells rely on the assembly of a cell plate in the center of the dividing cell, ultimately separating the cytoplasm. - This statement is correct. Plant cells form a cell plate in the middle of the dividing cell during cytokinesis. The cell plate eventually develops into a new cell wall that separates the two daughter cells. C) Cytokinesis in both plant and animal cells is driven by the expansion of the endoplasmic reticulum. - This

2. The outermost layer of the skin, providing protection against pathogens and the environment, is the:

• A. Dermis
• B. Epidermis
• C. Hypodermis
• D. Stratum corneum (part of the epidermis)

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'Stratum corneum (part of the epidermis).' The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead skin cells that provide a protective barrier against pathogens and environmental factors. The dermis is located beneath the epidermis and contains connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels. The hypodermis is the deepest layer of the skin, consisting of fat and connective tissue. Understanding the layers of the skin and their functions is essential for comprehending the skin's role in protecting the body.

3. What is the main function of dietary fiber in the digestive system?

• A. To provide energy
• B. To break down fats
• C. To promote gut bacteria growth
• D. To aid in absorption of nutrients

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Dietary fiber refers to the indigestible portion of plant foods that passes relatively intact through the digestive system. While fiber does not provide energy directly to the body, it plays a crucial role in promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. These bacteria help in the fermentation of fiber, producing short-chain fatty acids that can be used as an energy source by the body. Additionally, fiber helps regulate bowel movements, maintain gut health, and support overall digestive function. Therefore, the main function of dietary fiber in the digestive system is to promote gut bacteria growth.

4. What is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate called?

• A. Glycolysis
• B. Gluconeogenesis
• C. Krebs cycle
• D. Oxidative phosphorylation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A) Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate. This occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in cellular respiration. B) Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids or glycerol, and is the opposite of glycolysis. C) The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria and is involved in the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to produce ATP and other energy carriers. D) Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced through the transfer of electrons in the electron transport chain.

5. The structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood is the:

• A. Nephron
• B. Ureter
• C. Urethra
• D. Bladder

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A, Nephron. The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood. It consists of the glomerulus, renal tubule, and collecting duct. The nephron's filtration process plays a crucial role in removing waste products, regulating electrolyte balance, and maintaining blood pressure. The other options, B: Ureter, C: Urethra, and D: Bladder, are not responsible for filtering blood. The ureter transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder, the urethra is responsible for urine excretion from the bladder, and the bladder stores urine before excretion. Therefore, the nephron is specifically designed for the filtration process within the kidney.

6. When sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl), the resulting product is:

• A. Hydrogen gas and sodium chloride (NaCl)
• B. Chlorine gas and sodium oxide (Na2O)
• C. Sodium metal (Na) and water (H2O)
• D. No reaction occurs.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: This is a classic neutralization reaction, forming water and a salt (sodium chloride).

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