Nursing Elites

1. A playground fence has a rectangular section (5m by 3m) attached to a semicircular section with a radius of 2m. What is the total perimeter?

• A. 13m
• B. 16m
• C. 19m
• D. 22m

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Calculate the semicircle perimeter (π * radius) and add it to the rectangular perimeter: perimeter = π * radius + 2 (length + width) ≈ 3.14 * 2m + 2 (5m + 3m) ≈ 6.28m + 16m ≈ 22.28m ≈ 22m (rounded).

2. A circular bandage has a diameter of 6cm. What is the area covered by the bandage (area of a circle = πr^2)?

• A. 9Ï€ cm^2
• B. 18Ï€ cm^2
• C. 27Ï€ cm^2
• D. 36Ï€ cm^2

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Divide the diameter (6cm) by 2 to find the radius (3cm). Substitute into the formula and multiply by π to get 18π cm^2.

3. Explain how a single gene mutation can lead to multiple phenotypes depending on the organism.

• A. Pleiotropy describes the effect of one gene influencing multiple seemingly unrelated traits.
• B. Epigenetics involves environmental factors modifying gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.
• C. Genetic drift refers to random changes in allele frequencies within a population.
• D. Gene regulation controls the timing and level of gene expression within an organism.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A single gene mutation can affect different biochemical pathways or developmental processes, leading to a cascade of downstream effects and diverse phenotypic consequences.

4. What is the protective fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord?

• A. Blood
• B. Cerebrospinal fluid
• C. Myelin sheath
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid acts as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord, providing protection from impacts. Blood is essential for transporting nutrients and oxygen, but it does not directly surround or protect these vital nervous system structures. Myelin sheath is a fatty substance that insulates nerve fibers, not the fluid surrounding the nervous system. Insulin is a hormone involved in regulating blood sugar levels and is not related to protecting the brain and spinal cord.

5. Which of the following colligative properties refers to the elevation of the boiling point of a solution?

• A. Freezing point depression
• B. Vapor pressure lowering
• C. Osmotic pressure
• D. Boiling point elevation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Freezing point depression. Colligative properties are properties that depend on the number of solute particles in a solution, not the type of solute. Freezing point depression is the phenomenon where the freezing point of a solvent is lowered when a solute is added, while boiling point elevation is the opposite effect where the boiling point of a solution is raised. Therefore, the question specifically asked for the colligative property that refers to the elevation of the boiling point, making "Freezing point depression" the correct answer.

6. What is the term for a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a mitochondrial gene?

• A. Autosomal dominant disorder
• B. Autosomal recessive disorder
• C. Sex-linked disorder
• D. Mitochondrial disorder

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: A) Autosomal dominant disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in one copy of an autosomal gene. It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. B) Autosomal recessive disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in both copies of an autosomal gene. It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. C) Sex-linked disorder: This type of genetic disorder is caused by mutations in genes located on the sex chromosomes (X or Y). It is not related to mitochondrial gene mutations. D) Mitochondrial disorder: Mitochondrial disorders are genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes located in the mitochondria, the energy-producing structures within cells. These disorders are inherited maternally and can affect various organs and systems in the body due to the role of mitochondria in energy production.

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