Nursing Elites

1. What is the process of copying DNA called?

• A. Transcription
• B. Translation
• C. Replication
• D. Mutation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: A) Transcription is the process of creating an RNA copy of a segment of DNA. It involves the synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template. B) Translation is the process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template. It involves the conversion of the mRNA sequence into a sequence of amino acids. C) Replication is the process of copying DNA to produce an identical copy. During replication, the DNA double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules. D) Mutation refers to a change in the DNA sequence that can result from errors during replication, exposure to mutagens, or other factors. While mutations can occur during replication, the process of copying DNA itself is called replication.

2. The involuntary "fight-or-flight" response is controlled by the:

• A. Sympathetic nervous system
• B. Parasympathetic nervous system
• C. Enteric nervous system
• D. Sensory nervous system

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sympathetic nervous system. The "fight-or-flight" response is an automatic physiological reaction triggered by the sympathetic nervous system in response to a perceived threat or stressor. This system prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and redirecting blood flow to muscles. The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, controls the body's "rest-and-digest" response, promoting relaxation and digestion. The enteric nervous system primarily regulates the gastrointestinal system, while the sensory nervous system is responsible for transmitting sensory information to the brain. Therefore, the sympathetic nervous system is specifically responsible for initiating the fight-or-flight response.

3. Identify the reflexive pronoun in the sentence: "She prepared herself for the presentation."

• A. herself
• B. she
• C. presentation
• D. for

Correct answer: A

Rationale: "Herself" refers back to the subject "she," making it a reflexive pronoun.

4. Which type of epithelium lines the inner surface of blood vessels?

• A. Simple squamous epithelium
• B. Simple columnar epithelium
• C. Stratified squamous epithelium
• D. Stratified columnar epithelium

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Simple squamous epithelium lines the inner surface of blood vessels due to its thin structure and ability to facilitate easy diffusion of gases and nutrients between blood and surrounding tissues. This type of epithelium is well suited for areas where rapid exchange of materials is important, such as the lining of blood vessels. Simple columnar epithelium is typically found in areas where absorption and secretion occur, like the lining of the intestines. Stratified squamous epithelium is more commonly found in areas subject to wear and tear, such as the skin. Stratified columnar epithelium is not typically found in the inner surface of blood vessels, making it an incorrect choice.

5. What phenomenon occurs when light passes through a medium but does not change direction, such as when passing through a window?

• A. Diffraction
• B. Reflection
• C. Dispersion
• D. Transmission

Correct answer: d

Rationale: Transmission occurs when light passes through a medium without changing direction, as observed when light passes through a window.

6. What phenomenon occurs when two identical waves are perfectly aligned and reinforce each other?

• A. Refraction
• B. Reflection
• C. Diffraction
• D. Constructive interference

Correct answer: d

Rationale: Constructive interference happens when identical waves meet in phase, resulting in a wave with increased amplitude.

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