Nursing Elites

1. What is the process of converting simple sugars into complex carbohydrates called?

• A. Glycolysis
• B. Gluconeogenesis
• C. Krebs cycle
• D. Oxidative phosphorylation

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: A) Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate to produce energy. B) Gluconeogenesis is the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids or glycerol. C) The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. D) Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of cellular respiration where ATP is produced using energy derived from the electron transport chain.

2. Which of the following is TRUE about functional nursing?

• A. Concentrates on tasks and activities
• B. Emphasizes use of group collaboration
• C. One-to-one nurse-patient ratio
• D. Provides continuous, coordinated and comprehensive nursing services

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: "Emphasizes use of group collaboration." Functional nursing is a task-oriented approach where team members specialize in specific tasks or activities. In this model, nurses work together in groups to provide care to a larger number of patients efficiently. This differs from the one-to-one nurse-patient ratio (C) and the continuous, coordinated, and comprehensive nursing services (D). While functional nursing concentrates on tasks (A), the key feature emphasized in this care delivery model is the use of group collaboration to provide care effectively.

3. Memory B cells and memory T cells are crucial for immunological memory. How does immunological memory enhance the immune response upon re-exposure to a pathogen?

• A. It increases the production of the same ineffective antibodies.
• B. It allows for a quicker and more robust immune response.
• C. It suppresses the immune system to prevent overreaction.
• D. It triggers a completely different immune response.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Option B is correct because memory B cells and memory T cells retain information about a specific pathogen encountered before. Upon re-exposure to the same pathogen, these memory cells facilitate a faster and stronger immune response. Memory B cells quickly differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies more rapidly and in larger quantities than during the initial infection. Memory T cells can recognize the pathogen quickly and activate other immune cells to eliminate the threat efficiently. This allows the immune system to mount a quicker and more effective defense, potentially preventing the spread of the pathogen and reducing the severity of the infection.

4. What property of a substance refers to its ability to undergo a chemical change and form new substances?

• A. Density
• B. Mass
• C. Reactivity
• D. Volume

Correct answer: c

Rationale: Reactivity refers to a substance's ability to undergo a chemical change or reaction, forming new substances with different properties.

5. Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?

• A. Carbon Dioxide
• B. Methane
• C. Oxygen
• D. Water Vapor

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: A) Carbon Dioxide: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that is released into the atmosphere through various human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. B) Methane: Methane is another greenhouse gas that is released from sources like livestock, landfills, and natural gas production. C) Oxygen: Oxygen is not considered a greenhouse gas. It is a vital component of the Earth's atmosphere that is necessary for respiration and combustion. D) Water Vapor: Water vapor is also a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in the Earth's climate system by trapping heat in the atmosphere. Therefore, the correct answer is C) Oxygen, as it is not a greenhouse gas.

6. What is the difference between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron?

• A. Sensory neurons carry signals away from the brain, while motor neurons carry signals towards the brain.
• B. Sensory neurons control voluntary muscles, while motor neurons control involuntary muscles.
• C. Sensory neurons are located in the peripheral nervous system, while motor neurons are located in the central nervous system.
• D. Sensory neurons detect light, while motor neurons detect sound.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because sensory neurons are responsible for carrying signals from sensory receptors towards the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), allowing us to perceive sensations such as touch, taste, smell, sight, and sound. On the other hand, motor neurons carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, enabling movement and responses. Therefore, sensory neurons carry signals away from the brain, while motor neurons carry signals towards the brain, making option A the most accurate choice among the options provided.

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