Nursing Elites

1. When ice melts, it undergoes a…

• A. Chemical change
• B. Physical change
• C. Nuclear change
• D. Radioactive decay

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Melting is a change in physical state, not a change in the chemical composition of the ice.

2. Endotoxins are toxic substances released by:

• A. Viruses
• B. Bacteria (gram-positive)
• C. Bacteria (gram-negative)
• D. Parasites

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Endotoxins are toxic substances that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. These toxins are released when the bacteria are destroyed or during bacterial growth. Endotoxins can cause a variety of harmful effects in the host, including fever, inflammation, and septic shock. Viruses do not produce endotoxins, and gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins rather than endotoxins. Parasites are not typically associated with the production of endotoxins.

3. Which type of muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach and intestines, and is responsible for involuntary contractions to propel substances through the organs?

• A. Cardiac muscle
• B. Smooth muscle
• C. Skeletal muscle
• D. Striated muscle

Correct answer: b

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Smooth muscle. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs like the stomach and intestines. It is responsible for involuntary contractions to move substances through these organs. Unlike skeletal muscle (answer C) and cardiac muscle (answer A), smooth muscle is not under voluntary control. Striated muscle (answer D) is a term that refers to both skeletal and cardiac muscle due to their striped appearance under a microscope, but smooth muscle does not have this striped appearance.

4. Which statement accurately describes cytokinesis in animal cells?

• A. Which statement accurately describes cytokinesis in animal cells?
• B. A cell plate forms in the center of the dividing cell, eventually separating the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.
• C. A cell plate forms in the center of the dividing cell, eventually separating the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.
• D. The nucleus elongates and pulls apart, physically dividing the cytoplasm into two.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: A) This statement is a duplicate of option C and does not accurately describe cytokinesis in animal cells. B) In animal cells, during cytokinesis, a cleavage furrow forms in the center of the dividing cell. This furrow deepens and eventually pinches the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. This process is distinct from plant cells, where a cell plate forms. C) This statement is a duplicate of option A and does not accurately describe cytokinesis in animal cells. D) This statement describes the process of nuclear division (mitosis) rather than cytokinesis, which is the division of the cytoplasm.

5. Two coherent light waves with a slight phase difference interfere. What determines the resulting intensity of the combined wave?

• A. The individual intensities of the waves
• B. The wavelength of the waves
• C. The distance between the waves
• D. The color of the waves

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The intensity of the resulting wave depends on the individual intensities and the phase difference between the interfering waves. Constructive interference leads to higher intensity, while destructive interference leads to lower intensity.

6. Which element has the highest melting point of any element?

• A. Tungsten
• B. Iron
• C. Platinum
• D. Carbon

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Diamond's strong covalent bonds between carbon atoms make it incredibly resistant to heat and pressure, giving it the highest melting point.

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