Nursing Elites

1. What is the name for the change in enthalpy (heat) associated with a chemical reaction at constant pressure?

• A. Entropy
• B. Enthalpy
• C. Gibbs free energy
• D. Heat of reaction

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Heat of reaction. The heat of reaction, also known as the enthalpy change, is the amount of heat absorbed or released during a chemical reaction at constant pressure. Entropy (A) is a measure of the disorder or randomness of a system. Enthalpy (B) is the total heat content of a system. Gibbs free energy (C) is a measure of the energy available to do work in a system at constant temperature and pressure.

2. Which of the following is a property of amphiprotic substances?

• A. React with acids only
• B. React with bases only
• C. Can act as both acids and bases
• D. Are inert in chemical reactions

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Amphiprotic substances can donate or accept a proton, so they can act as both acids and bases. The other choices do not accurately describe amphiprotic substances.

3. A satellite orbits the Earth at constant speed. Which force is responsible for its circular motion?

• A. Gravitational force from the Earth
• B. Thrust from the satellite's engine
• C. Friction between the satellite and the atmosphere
• D. Normal force from the Earth's surface

Correct answer: A

Rationale: This force acts towards the Earth's center, providing the centripetal force required for the satellite to move in a circle.

4. Acne vulgaris, commonly known as acne, is primarily caused by

• A. Dry skin (Dry skin can worsen acne but isn't the primary cause)
• B. Clogged pores and excess oil production
• C. Bacterial infection alone (Bacteria play a role but not the sole cause)
• D. Vitamin deficiency

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Clogged pores and excess oil production.' Acne vulgaris, or acne, is primarily caused by a combination of factors including excess sebum (oil) production by the skin's sebaceous glands and the accumulation of dead skin cells, leading to clogged pores. This environment provides a breeding ground for acne-causing bacteria, contributing to inflammation and the formation of pimples. While factors like dry skin, bacterial infections, and even vitamin deficiencies can exacerbate acne, they are not the primary cause. Thus, B is the most accurate option for the primary cause of acne.

5. Which element shares the same group (family) on the periodic table with helium (He)?

• A. Neon (Ne)
• B. Boron (B)
• C. Carbon (C)
• D. Oxygen (O)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Neon (Ne). Both He and Ne belong to Group 18 (Noble Gases) due to their complete and stable outer electron shells.

6. What information can be obtained directly from the element's atomic number?

• A. Its atomic mass
• B. Its position on the periodic table
• C. Its position on the periodic table
• D. Its chemical properties

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The atomic number of an element represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. This number determines the element's unique identity and its position on the periodic table. The atomic mass (option A) is not directly determined by the atomic number but is a weighted average of the isotopes of an element. The position on the periodic table (option C) is directly related to the atomic number, as elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. The chemical properties of an element (option D) are influenced by the number of protons in the nucleus, which is determined by the atomic number.

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