Nursing Elites

1. What is the pH of a solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of \(1 \times 10^{-9}\) M?

• A. 5
• B. 7
• C. 9
• D. 11

Correct answer: c

Rationale: The pH is calculated as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration. In this case, \(-\log(1 \times 10^{-9}) = 9\).

2. The process of a liquid changing into a gas is called:

• A. Evaporation
• B. Boiling
• C. Condensation
• D. Sublimation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Evaporation occurs at any temperature, while boiling only occurs at the boiling point of the liquid.

3. Which additional information would be MOST relevant to the passage's argument?

• A. A detailed biography of a historical figure with no analysis of their impact on society.
• B. A timeline of technological advancements throughout history with no connection to social consequences.
• C. A case study of how historical knowledge informed the development of a successful solution to a contemporary problem.
• D. A statistical analysis of economic trends without any reference to historical events or context.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Choice C aligns with the passage's theme by demonstrating how historical knowledge directly impacted a contemporary solution, further supporting the argument for history's value.

4. The protective fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord is called:

• A. Blood
• B. Cerebrospinal fluid
• C. Plasma
• D. Myelin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and protection against physical impact. It also helps to maintain a stable environment for the central nervous system by regulating pressure and removing waste products. Blood (option A) is not the fluid that directly surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Plasma (option C) is the liquid component of blood and is not specific to the central nervous system. Myelin (option D) is a fatty substance that forms a protective sheath around nerve fibers but is not the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

5. Which of the following is a condition characterized by a loss of bone density and increased risk of fractures?

• A. Osteoarthritis
• B. Rickets
• C. Osteoporosis
• D. Scoliosis

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a loss of bone density, which leads to weakened bones and an increased risk of fractures. Osteoarthritis (A) is a degenerative joint disease, not a bone density issue. Rickets (B) is a disorder caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, leading to soft and weak bones, mainly seen in children. Scoliosis (D) is a condition characterized by an abnormal curvature of the spine, not directly related to bone density loss. Understanding the differences between these conditions is important for diagnosing and treating patients accurately.

6. Which type of brain wave activity is often seen during REM sleep, associated with dreaming?

• A. Delta waves
• B. Alpha waves
• C. Beta waves
• D. Theta waves

Correct answer: D

Rationale: During REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, the brain is highly active, and theta waves are the dominant brain wave pattern. Theta waves are associated with deep relaxation, creativity, and dreaming. Delta waves are typically seen in deep sleep stages, not during REM sleep. Alpha waves are present when we are awake but relaxed, while beta waves are associated with active thinking and concentration. Therefore, theta waves are the correct answer for brain wave activity during REM sleep.

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