Nursing Elites

1. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant antibody type, responsible for:

• A. Immediate allergic reactions
• B. Neutralizing toxins and viruses
• C. Activating other immune cells
• D. Protecting newborns from infections

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Neutralizing toxins and viruses.' Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant antibody type in the blood and tissues. It plays a crucial role in neutralizing toxins and viruses by binding to them and marking them for destruction by other immune cells. IgG is also involved in opsonization, which enhances phagocytosis of pathogens by immune cells. While IgE is primarily responsible for immediate allergic reactions, IgG's main functions are related to immunity against pathogens rather than allergic responses. Activating other immune cells is typically associated with antibodies like IgM, while protecting newborns from infections is mainly attributed to maternal IgG antibodies passed on during pregnancy. Therefore, option B is the most accurate description of IgG's role in the immune system.

2. Which property of matter explains why ice floats on water?

• A. Viscosity
• B. Density
• C. Buoyancy
• D. Surface tension

Correct answer: c

Rationale: Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid (like water) on an object immersed in it. Ice floats on water because it is less dense than water, experiencing an upward force (buoyancy) greater than its weight.

3. What type of lens is thinner at the center than at the edges and causes light rays to diverge?

• A. Convex lens
• B. Concave lens
• C. Diverging lens
• D. Plano-convex lens

Correct answer: b

Rationale: A concave lens is thinner at the center than at the edges and diverges light rays.

4. During inhalation, which muscle contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow into the lungs?

• A. Diaphragm
• B. Intercostal muscles
• C. Abdominal muscles
• D. Pectoral muscles

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Diaphragm. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. This action creates a pressure difference between the lungs and the atmosphere, causing air to flow into the lungs. The intercostal muscles also play a role by expanding the ribcage, but the primary muscle responsible for increasing thoracic cavity volume during inhalation is the diaphragm. Abdominal muscles are involved in exhalation by contracting to push the diaphragm up, reducing thoracic cavity volume. Pectoral muscles are located in the chest and are not directly involved in the breathing process.

5. During exercise, heart rate increases to deliver more oxygen to the body's tissues. What other cardiovascular response also increases?

• A. Blood pressure decreases
• B. Blood vessel diameter narrows
• C. Blood flow to muscles increases
• D. Blood viscosity thickens

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Blood pressure decreases.' When the heart rate increases during exercise to deliver more oxygen to the body's tissues, the blood pressure also tends to decrease. This is due to the enhanced efficiency of the heart in pumping blood, resulting in a lower pressure exerted on the blood vessel walls. In contrast, options B and D are incorrect as blood vessel diameter typically widens (dilates) during exercise to facilitate increased blood flow, and blood viscosity does not usually thicken during exercise. Option C is a distractor as blood flow to muscles indeed increases during exercise to meet the higher demand for oxygen and nutrients.

6. Glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream without ducts are called:

• A. Exocrine glands
• B. Endocrine glands
• C. Apocrine glands
• D. Merocrine glands

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Endocrine glands. Endocrine glands are specialized glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream, which then travel to target organs or tissues to regulate various physiological processes. Unlike exocrine glands (choice A), which secrete their products through ducts to specific locations, endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood for more widespread and systemic effects. Apocrine glands (choice C) release a portion of their cell contents along with the secretions, while merocrine glands (choice D) release their products through exocytosis without any loss of cell material. Therefore, in this case, endocrine glands best describe the glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream without ducts.

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