Nursing Elites

1. What is the role of surfactant in the respiratory system?

• A. To trap dust particles
• B. To increase lung compliance
• C. To produce mucus
• D. To generate oxygen during respiration

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'To increase lung compliance.' Surfactant is a substance produced by the alveolar cells in the lungs that reduces surface tension within the alveoli. This helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing, making it easier for the lungs to expand and contract during breathing. This action increases lung compliance, which is the ease with which the lungs can be inflated. Trapping dust particles (A) is the role of mucus and cilia in the respiratory system. Surfactant does not produce mucus (C) but rather acts to reduce surface tension. Generating oxygen (D) is the function of the respiratory system as a whole through the process of respiration, and surfactant does not play a direct role in this process.

2. What property of a substance refers to its ability to be drawn into thin wires?

• A. Conductivity
• B. Ductility
• C. Viscosity
• D. Malleability

Correct answer: b

Rationale: Ductility refers to a substance's ability to be drawn into thin wires without breaking.

3. Which of the following is an example of a nosocomial infection?

• A. The common cold contracted from a family member
• B. A urinary tract infection (UTI) acquired during a catheterization
• C. A fungal skin infection from contaminated soil
• D. Food poisoning from undercooked chicken

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: A nosocomial infection, also known as a healthcare-associated infection (HAI), is an infection that is acquired in a healthcare setting. In this case, a UTI acquired during a catheterization procedure is a classic example of a nosocomial infection. Catheterization involves the insertion of a tube into the urinary tract, which can introduce bacteria into the urinary system and lead to an infection. Nosocomial infections are a significant concern in healthcare settings due to the potential for increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Let's review the other options: A) The common cold contracted from a family member - This is not a nosocomial infection as it is acquired outside of a healthcare setting. C) A fungal skin infection from contaminated soil - This is not a nosocomial infection as it is acquired from environmental exposure, not in a healthcare setting.

4. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes a population that is:

• A. Undergoing rapid evolution due to strong directional selection.
• B. Not evolving and at genetic equilibrium with stable allele frequencies.
• C. Experiencing a founder effect leading to a reduction in genetic diversity.
• D. Dominated by a single homozygous genotype that eliminates all variation.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium describes a theoretical population in which allele frequencies remain constant from generation to generation, indicating that the population is not evolving. This equilibrium occurs under specific conditions: no mutation, no gene flow, random mating, a large population size, and no natural selection. In this scenario, all genotypes are in proportion to the allele frequencies, and genetic diversity is maintained. Options A, C, and D do not accurately describe a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Option A suggests rapid evolution due to strong directional selection, which would disrupt the equilibrium. Option C mentions a founder effect, which can reduce genetic diversity but is not a characteristic of a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Option D describes a population dominated by a single homozygous genotype, which also does not align with the genetic diversity seen in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

5. Which part of the brain plays a crucial role in the regulation of balance, coordination, and posture?

• A. Thalamus
• B. Cerebrum
• C. Cerebellum
• D. Hypothalamus

Correct answer: c

Rationale: The correct answer is the cerebellum (Option C). The cerebellum is responsible for the regulation of balance, coordination, and posture in the body. It receives information from sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain to coordinate voluntary movements. The thalamus (Option A) is involved in relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, but not specifically in balance and coordination. The cerebrum (Option B) is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for higher brain functions such as thinking and problem-solving. The hypothalamus (Option D) plays a role in regulating basic functions like hunger, thirst, and body temperature, but not balance, coordination, and posture. Therefore, the cerebellum is the key area of the brain involved in these specific functions.

6. What is the function of the underlined phrase "with a mischievous grin" in the sentence "He approached her with a mischievous grin, his eyes twinkling"?

• A. Subject
• B. Direct object
• C. Adverbial phrase
• D. Appositive phrase

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The underlined phrase modifies the verb "approached" by describing his manner, making it an adverbial phrase.

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