Nursing Elites

1. Which word correctly completes the sentence: "He was _____ by the kindness of strangers."

• A. affected
• B. infected
• C. effected
• D. defected

Correct answer: C

Rationale: "Effected" means to produce a result or impression, aligning with the emotional impact of the strangers' kindness.

2. Insulin, a hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar levels, is produced by the:

• A. Parathyroid gland
• B. Pancreas
• C. Thymus gland
• D. Ovaries

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pancreas. Insulin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by allowing cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream. The pancreas is an organ located near the stomach that contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which are responsible for producing insulin. The parathyroid gland, option A, regulates calcium levels in the blood. The thymus gland, option C, is involved in the development of the immune system. The ovaries, option D, produce hormones like estrogen and progesterone but not insulin. Therefore, the pancreas is the correct gland responsible for producing insulin.

3. Tendonitis is an inflammation of the

• A. Muscles
• B. Tendons
• C. Ligaments
• D. Cartilage

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: "Tendons." Tendonitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the tendons, which are the tough bands of tissue that connect muscles to bones. This inflammation can result from overuse, injury, or aging. Muscles (Option A) are not typically inflamed in tendonitis, although they work in conjunction with tendons. Ligaments (Option C) connect bones to other bones and are not involved in tendonitis. Cartilage (Option D) is a smooth, flexible connective tissue that cushions joints and is not directly related to tendonitis.

4. The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes from digested food material. What waste product remains after water absorption and is eventually eliminated from the body?

• A. Chyme
• B. Bolus
• C. Glucose
• D. Feces

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The large intestine is responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from digested food material. As the waste material moves through the large intestine, most of the water is absorbed, leaving behind waste products known as feces. Feces consist of indigestible material, bacteria, and some remaining waste products. This waste is eventually eliminated from the body through the process of defecation. Chyme refers to the semi-fluid mass of partially digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine. Bolus is a term used to describe a mass of chewed food ready to be swallowed. Glucose is a simple sugar that is absorbed in the small intestine and used as an energy source. Therefore, the correct answer is D: Feces.

5. The stratified squamous epithelium found in the skin is adapted for:

• A. Absorption
• B. Secretion
• C. Protection
• D. Gas exchange

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Protection. Stratified squamous epithelium is a type of tissue that is well-suited for protection as it consists of multiple layers of cells that provide a barrier against physical and chemical damage. In the skin, this epithelium helps protect the body against external threats such as pathogens, UV radiation, and mechanical abrasion. Absorption (A) and secretion (B) are typically functions of other types of epithelial tissues, such as simple columnar or simple cuboidal epithelium. Gas exchange (D) is primarily facilitated by tissues like the alveolar epithelium in the lungs, not stratified squamous epithelium in the skin.

6. During exercise, oxygen is used to convert glucose into energy for muscles. This process is called:

• A. Aerobic respiration
• B. Anaerobic respiration
• C. Glycolysis
• D. Lactic acid fermentation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'A: Aerobic respiration.' During exercise, muscles require energy to function, and oxygen plays a crucial role in converting glucose into energy through aerobic respiration. This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells and involves the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP, the cell's energy currency. Aerobic respiration is efficient and produces a higher yield of ATP compared to anaerobic respiration or glycolysis alone. Anaerobic respiration (option B) and glycolysis (option C) are also involved in energy production but do not rely on oxygen. Lactic acid fermentation (option D) occurs when there is not enough oxygen available, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid. Therefore, the most appropriate answer is 'A: Aerobic respiration.'

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