Nursing Elites

1. Differentiate between gene therapy and genetic engineering in the context of human intervention.

• A. Gene therapy aims to modify existing genes within body cells, while genetic engineering manipulates genes in embryos to be passed on to offspring.
• B. Gene therapy focuses on treating genetic diseases, while genetic engineering enhances desirable traits or eliminates undesirable ones.
• C. Both involve directly altering the DNA sequence, but gene therapy targets somatic cells and genetic engineering modifies germline cells.
• D. There is no fundamental difference; both terms are synonymous.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: A) Incorrect. Gene therapy does aim to modify existing genes within body cells, but genetic engineering does not necessarily manipulate genes in embryos to be passed on to offspring. Genetic engineering can involve modifying genes in any type of cell, not just embryos. B) Correct. Gene therapy is a medical intervention that aims to treat genetic diseases by correcting or replacing faulty genes within an individual's body cells. On the other hand, genetic engineering involves modifying genes to enhance specific traits or eliminate undesirable ones, often in the context of agriculture or biotechnology. C) Incorrect. While both gene therapy and genetic engineering involve altering DNA sequences, the distinction lies in the target cells. Gene therapy targets somatic cells (non-reproductive cells), while genetic engineering typically involves modifying germline cells (reproductive cells that can pass on genetic changes to offspring). D) Incorrect. There is

2. What type of nuclear reaction releases a large amount of energy in a short time?

• A. Radioactivity
• B. Nuclear fission
• C. Nuclear fusion
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Nuclear fusion releases a large amount of energy in a short time by combining two light atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus. This process is the energy source of the sun and hydrogen bombs. Radioactivity involves the spontaneous emission of particles or energy from an unstable atomic nucleus, while nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus into two or more lighter nuclei, also releasing energy. However, nuclear fusion is specifically known for releasing a large amount of energy in a short time.

3. Which nitrogenous bases pair with each other in DNA?

• A. A-G and T-C
• B. A-T and C-G
• C. -A and T-T
• D. C-C and G-G

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: In DNA, nitrogenous bases pair with each other in a specific manner known as complementary base pairing. Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) always pairs with Guanine (G). This pairing is essential for maintaining the structure and function of DNA. Therefore, option B is the correct answer as it correctly identifies the nitrogenous bases that pair with each other in DNA.

4. Repeating decimals can be expressed as fractions. Which of the following represents the decimal 0.7777... as a fraction?

• A. 77/1000
• B. 70/99
• C. 777/900
• D. 7/9

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Let x equal the decimal. Set up two equations such that the digits after the decimal point are identical. 1000x = 777.7777... 10x = 7.7777... Subtracting the two equations, we have 990x = 770. Dividing both sides by 990 gives us x = 770/990, which can be simplified to 77/90.

5. A diabetic patient's blood sugar is 180mg/dL. Their usual insulin dose is 1 unit per 40mg/dL above 100mg/dL. How much insulin should be administered?

• A. 2 units
• B. 3 units
• C. 4 units
• D. 5 units

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Calculate the excess blood sugar above 100mg/dL: 180mg/dL - 100mg/dL = 80mg/dL. 2. Determine the insulin dose based on the patient's usual insulin dose: 80mg/dL / 40mg/dL = 2 units. 3. Add the calculated insulin dose to the patient's usual insulin dose: 1 unit (usual dose) + 2 units (calculated dose) = 3 units. Therefore, the correct answer is 3 units of insulin should be administered to the diabetic patient with a blood sugar level of 180mg/dL.

6. A honeycomb cell has six equal sides, each measuring 8mm. What is its perimeter?

• A. 32mm
• B. 40mm
• C. 48mm
• D. 56mm

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Multiply the side length by the number of sides: perimeter = number of sides * side length = 6 * 8mm = 48mm.

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