Nursing Elites

1. A news article claims a scientist has discovered a cure for cancer. How should you approach this information?

• A. Celebrate the breakthrough and immediately share the news with everyone.
• B. Remain skeptical and wait for independent verification and further research.
• C. Dismiss the claim as impossible without any further investigation.
• D. Accept the information as fact because it was published in a news article.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. It's essential to wait for scientific consensus and verification before accepting such groundbreaking claims.

2. In the female reproductive system, what structure produces eggs (ova)?

• A. Fallopian tubes
• B. Ovaries
• C. Uterus
• D. Vagina

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ovaries. The ovaries are the primary reproductive organs in the female body responsible for producing eggs (ova) through a process called ovulation. The fallopian tubes serve as the passageway for the egg to travel from the ovary to the uterus for potential fertilization. The uterus is where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus during pregnancy. The vagina is the muscular canal that connects the uterus to the outside of the body and serves as the birth canal during childbirth. Therefore, the ovaries are specifically responsible for the production of eggs in the female reproductive system.

3. Which technology allows scientists to directly edit the human genome?

• A. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• B. Gel electrophoresis
• C. DNA sequencing
• D. CRISPR-Cas9

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: A) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA through repeated cycles of heating and cooling. PCR is not used for directly editing the human genome. B) Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size. It is not used for directly editing the human genome. C) DNA sequencing is a method used to determine the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. While DNA sequencing is important for understanding genetic information, it is not used for directly editing the human genome. D) CRISPR-Cas9 is a technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to the DNA of living organisms, including the human genome. CRISPR-Cas9 works by guiding the Cas9 enzyme to a specific location in the genome where it can make targeted cuts or edits. This technology has revolutionized genetic research and has the potential for applications

4. During exercise, heart rate increases to deliver more oxygen to the body's tissues. What other cardiovascular response also increases?

• A. Blood pressure decreases
• B. Blood vessel diameter narrows
• C. Blood flow to muscles increases
• D. Blood viscosity thickens

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Blood pressure decreases.' When the heart rate increases during exercise to deliver more oxygen to the body's tissues, the blood pressure also tends to decrease. This is due to the enhanced efficiency of the heart in pumping blood, resulting in a lower pressure exerted on the blood vessel walls. In contrast, options B and D are incorrect as blood vessel diameter typically widens (dilates) during exercise to facilitate increased blood flow, and blood viscosity does not usually thicken during exercise. Option C is a distractor as blood flow to muscles indeed increases during exercise to meet the higher demand for oxygen and nutrients.

5. he adrenal cortex produces a group of steroid hormones called corticosteroids. What is a MAJOR function of corticosteroids?

• A. Regulate insulin sensitivity and blood sugar levels
• B. Control blood pressure and electrolyte balance
• C. Stimulate the immune system and inflammatory response
• D. Promote growth and development during puberty

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Control blood pressure and electrolyte balance.' Corticosteroids, produced by the adrenal cortex, play a major role in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance in the body. These hormones, such as aldosterone, act on the kidneys to control the reabsorption of sodium and water, which in turn affects blood pressure and electrolyte levels. While corticosteroids can have effects on other physiological processes, their primary function is to regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance, making option B the most appropriate choice in this context.

6. What is the term for the first exposure to a specific pathogen, leading to the development of an initial immune response?

• A. Primary immune response
• B. Secondary immune response
• C. Hypersensitivity reaction
• D. Immunological tolerance

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Primary immune response.' The primary immune response refers to the initial encounter with a specific pathogen, which triggers the immune system to respond by producing antibodies and memory cells. This process lays the foundation for the secondary immune response, which occurs upon subsequent exposure to the same pathogen. The primary immune response is characterized by the lag time in antibody production as the immune system is mobilized to combat the new threat. In contrast, the secondary immune response is faster and more robust due to the presence of memory cells from the primary response. Hypersensitivity reactions involve an exaggerated immune response to an antigen, while immunological tolerance refers to the immune system's ability to recognize self from non-self to prevent autoimmunity.

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