1. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition affecting blood sugar control. What is the main type of hormone deficiency associated with type 1 diabetes?

A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Estrogen
D. Testosterone

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: "Insulin." In type 1 diabetes, the main type of hormone deficiency is insulin. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and is crucial for regulating blood sugar levels by helping cells absorb glucose. In individuals with type 1 diabetes, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a deficiency of insulin. This results in uncontrolled high blood sugar levels, which can have serious consequences if not managed properly. Glucagon, estrogen, and testosterone do not play a primary role in the hormone deficiency associated with type 1 diabetes.

2. How many amino acids can make up a protein?

A. 10-20
B. 50-100
C. 100-500
D. 1000+

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids. There are 20 standard amino acids that are commonly found in proteins. The sequence and arrangement of these amino acids determine the structure and function of a protein. While proteins can vary in size and complexity, the number of amino acids typically ranges from around 10 to 20 in smaller proteins to hundreds or even thousands in larger proteins. Therefore, the range of 10-20 amino acids is the most accurate representation of the number of amino acids that can make up a protein.

3. What is the term for the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels?

A. Heart rate
B. Blood pressure
C. Cardiac output
D. Stroke volume

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Blood pressure. Blood pressure is the term used to describe the force or pressure exerted by blood against the walls of blood vessels. It is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and consists of two main components - systolic pressure (the pressure when the heart is contracting) and diastolic pressure (the pressure when the heart is relaxed). Heart rate (A) refers to the number of times the heart beats per minute and is not specifically related to the pressure against blood vessel walls. Cardiac output (C) is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, while stroke volume (D) is the volume of blood pumped by the heart in a single contraction. These are related to heart function but not specifically to the pressure against blood vessel walls.

4. Which of the following is NOT a major component of a healthy blood pressure reading?

A. Systolic pressure (peak pressure during ventricular contraction).
B. Diastolic pressure (pressure within arteries during ventricular relaxation).
C. Pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic pressure).
D. Blood oxygen saturation While blood oxygen levels are crucial for overall health, they are not directly reflected in a blood pressure reading.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Systolic pressure is a major component of a healthy blood pressure reading as it represents the peak pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction. Diastolic pressure, representing the pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation, is also a key component. Pulse pressure, the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, provides additional information about the cardiovascular system. Blood oxygen saturation, while important for overall health, is not directly measured in a blood pressure reading. Therefore, it is not a major component of a healthy blood pressure reading.

5. Sebaceous glands, located in the dermis, secrete an oily substance called:

A. Sweat
B. Sebum
C. Cerumen
D. Mucus

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sebum. Sebaceous glands are located in the dermis layer of the skin and are responsible for producing sebum, an oily substance that helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Sweat glands, on the other hand, are located in the dermis and subcutaneous layers and produce sweat to help regulate body temperature. Cerumen is produced by ceruminous glands in the ear canal to protect the ear, while mucus is produced by mucous glands in the respiratory system to help trap and remove particles. Therefore, sebum is the oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands in the dermis.