Nursing Elites

1. In the reaction 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O, how many moles of oxygen are required to react completely with 4 moles of hydrogen?

• A. 1
• B. 2
• C. 3
• D. 4

Correct answer: 2

Rationale: The balanced equation indicates a 1:1 ratio between H2 and O2, so 4 moles of H2 require 4 moles of O2, and 2 moles of H2 require 2 moles of O2.

2. In the process of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to produce energy. What is the main waste product released?

• A. Water
• B. Carbon dioxide
• C. Oxygen
• D. Protein

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Carbon dioxide. During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP. One of the main waste products released in this process is carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a byproduct of the metabolic reactions occurring in cells and is expelled from the body through exhalation. Water is also produced during cellular respiration, but it is not the main waste product released. Oxygen is required for cellular respiration to occur, and protein is a macromolecule and not a waste product of cellular respiration.

3. A group of antibiotics that target the cell wall of bacteria are classified as:

• A. Penicillins
• B. Tetracyclines
• C. Macrolides
• D. Fluoroquinolones

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Penicillins are a group of antibiotics that target the cell wall of bacteria by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a key component of the bacterial cell wall. By interfering with cell wall synthesis, penicillins weaken the cell wall, leading to bacterial cell lysis and death. This mechanism of action makes penicillins effective against a wide range of bacteria, particularly Gram-positive bacteria. Tetracyclines (B), Macrolides (C), and Fluoroquinolones (D) have different mechanisms of action and do not specifically target the bacterial cell wall. Tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis, Macrolides interfere with bacterial ribosomes, and Fluoroquinolones target bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.

4. During sexual intercourse, sperm travels through a tube from the testes to the urethra. What is the name of this tube?

• A. Vas deferens
• B. Epididymis
• C. Seminal vesicle
• D. Urethra

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Vas deferens.' The vas deferens is a tube that carries sperm from the testes to the urethra during ejaculation. It is a crucial part of the male reproductive system, allowing for the transport of sperm for fertilization. The epididymis is where sperm mature and are stored, not where they travel during intercourse. The seminal vesicle is a gland that produces a significant portion of the seminal fluid. The urethra is the tube that carries both urine and semen out of the body but is not where sperm travels from the testes.

5. Organisms that break down dead organisms and return nutrients to the environment are called:

• A. Producers
• B. Decomposers
• C. Consumers
• D. Parasites

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organisms and organic matter, such as bacteria, fungi, and some insects. They play a crucial role in the ecosystem by breaking down complex organic materials into simpler forms, releasing nutrients back into the environment for other organisms to use. Producers (option A) are organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis, consumers (option C) are organisms that consume other organisms for energy, and parasites (option D) are organisms that live on or in another organism and benefit at the host's expense.

6. What is the medical term for a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

• A. Nephritis
• B. Cystitis
• C. Urethritis
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'All of the above.' A urinary tract infection (UTI) can affect different parts of the urinary system. Nephritis refers to inflammation of the kidneys, cystitis refers to inflammation of the bladder, and urethritis refers to inflammation of the urethra. Therefore, all of these terms can be used to describe a UTI depending on which part of the urinary tract is affected. It's important to differentiate between these terms to accurately diagnose and treat UTIs.

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