Nursing Elites

1. Which hormone stimulates the release of calcium from bones and increases blood calcium levels?

• A. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• B. Calcitonin
• C. Growth hormone
• D. Testosterone

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is produced by the parathyroid glands and plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the blood. When blood calcium levels are low, PTH is released to stimulate the release of calcium from bones, increase calcium absorption in the intestines, and reduce calcium loss in the kidneys. This process helps to maintain the necessary balance of calcium in the body. Calcitonin, on the other hand, works in opposition to PTH by decreasing blood calcium levels. Growth hormone primarily stimulates growth and development of tissues, while testosterone is a male sex hormone and does not directly impact calcium regulation.

2. What is the breakdown product of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) that provides energy for muscle contraction?

• A. Glucose
• B. Creatine phosphate
• C. ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
• D. Lactic acid

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: ADP (adenosine diphosphate). During muscle contraction, ATP is broken down into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy that fuels the muscle contraction process. This energy release allows the muscle fibers to contract and perform work. Glucose is a source of energy that is broken down through cellular respiration to produce ATP but is not the direct breakdown product of ATP itself. Creatine phosphate is another energy storage molecule in muscles but is not the breakdown product of ATP. Lactic acid is produced during anaerobic respiration when there is a lack of oxygen, and it is not the primary energy source for muscle contraction. Therefore, ADP is the correct breakdown product of ATP that provides energy for muscle contraction.

3. What is the name for the tiny particles that make up atoms?

• A. Protons
• B. Electrons
• C. Neutrons
• D. Subatomic particles

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Protons, neutrons, and electrons are all subatomic particles that make up atoms.

4. What is the process by which decomposers break down organic matter?

• A. Photosynthesis
• B. Bioremediation
• C. Decomposition
• D. Nitrification

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: A) Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water. This process is not related to the breakdown of organic matter by decomposers. B) Bioremediation is the use of living organisms to clean up contaminated environments. While it involves the use of microorganisms to break down pollutants, it is not specifically focused on breaking down organic matter. C) Decomposition is the process by which decomposers such as bacteria, fungi, and other organisms break down organic matter into simpler substances. This process is essential for nutrient recycling in ecosystems. D) Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrite followed by the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria. This process is part of the nitrogen cycle and is not directly related to the breakdown of organic matter.

5. What is the primary function of the coronary arteries in the cardiovascular system?

• A. Carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
• B. Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle
• C. Pump blood to the lungs for oxygenation
• D. Regulate blood pressure in the systemic circulation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The primary function of the coronary arteries in the cardiovascular system is to carry oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. These arteries supply the heart muscle with the necessary oxygen and nutrients it needs to function properly. Without adequate blood flow through the coronary arteries, the heart muscle can become deprived of oxygen, leading to conditions like angina or even a heart attack. Options B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the function of the coronary arteries. Option B is incorrect because the coronary arteries carry oxygenated blood, not deoxygenated blood. Option C is incorrect because the pulmonary arteries, not the coronary arteries, carry blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Option D is incorrect because the regulation of blood pressure in the systemic circulation is primarily controlled by mechanisms such as the kidneys and the autonomic nervous system, not the coronary arteries.

6. Based on the information provided, which statement is LEAST likely to be supported by the author?

• A. Energy storage technologies play a critical role in the future of renewable energy utilization.
• B. Smart grids can improve the reliability and efficiency of the electricity grid.
• C. Continued reliance on fossil fuels hinders long-term climate change mitigation goals.
• D. Technological advancements offer solutions to overcome challenges associated with renewable energy.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: While the passage mentions smart grids, its primary focus is on managing the intermittency of renewable energy, making B the least likely statement the author would strongly support.

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