Nursing Elites

1. Balance the chemical equation: C4H10 + O2 → CO2 + H2O. What is the coefficient for oxygen?

• A. 5
• B. 6
• C. 7
• D. 8

Correct answer: b

Rationale: The balanced equation is C4H10 + 6O2 → 4CO2 + 5H2O.

2. Histamine, released during an allergic reaction, causes symptoms like:

• A. Fever and fatigue
• B. Runny nose and itchiness
• C. Muscle aches and joint pain
• D. Cough and shortness of breath

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Runny nose and itchiness.' Histamine is a chemical released by the body during an allergic reaction. It causes various symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes. These symptoms are commonly associated with allergic reactions like hay fever or hives. Fever and fatigue (option A) are not directly caused by histamine release. Muscle aches and joint pain (option C) are not typical symptoms of histamine release during an allergic reaction. Cough and shortness of breath (option D) are more commonly associated with asthma or respiratory allergies rather than histamine release.

3. Homologous structures are similar structures in different organisms that have a common evolutionary origin. An example is:

• A. Butterfly wings and bird wings (analogous structures with different origins)
• B. The arm of a human, the wing of a bat, and the flipper of a whale
• C. The eyes of an octopus and a human (convergent evolution with different origins)
• D. The stinger of a bee and the barb of a cactus (unrelated structures)

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Homologous structures are similar structures found in different organisms that share a common evolutionary origin. In this case, the arm of a human, the wing of a bat, and the flipper of a whale are all examples of homologous structures. Despite serving different functions in these organisms, they share a common underlying structure due to their evolutionary relationship. These structures are evidence of a shared ancestry and are modified over time to suit the specific needs of each species. Option A (Butterfly wings and bird wings) refers to analogous structures, which have similar functions but different evolutionary origins. Option C (The eyes of an octopus and a human) describes convergent evolution, where similar traits evolve independently in different species due to similar environmental pressures. Option D (The stinger of a bee and the barb of a cactus) refers to unrelated

4. What is the process of breaking down proteins into amino acids called?

• A. Proteolysis
• B. Lipolysis
• C. Carbohydrate catabolism
• D. Nucleic acid catabolism

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Proteolysis is the process of breaking down proteins into amino acids. Lipolysis is the breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol, not proteins. Carbohydrate catabolism involves the breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose for energy production. Nucleic acid catabolism is the breakdown of nucleic acids into nucleotides. In this context, the specific process of breaking down proteins into amino acids is best described by proteolysis.

5. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant antibody type, responsible for:

• A. Immediate allergic reactions
• B. Neutralizing toxins and viruses
• C. Activating other immune cells
• D. Protecting newborns from infections

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Neutralizing toxins and viruses.' Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant antibody type in the blood and tissues. It plays a crucial role in neutralizing toxins and viruses by binding to them and marking them for destruction by other immune cells. IgG is also involved in opsonization, which enhances phagocytosis of pathogens by immune cells. While IgE is primarily responsible for immediate allergic reactions, IgG's main functions are related to immunity against pathogens rather than allergic responses. Activating other immune cells is typically associated with antibodies like IgM, while protecting newborns from infections is mainly attributed to maternal IgG antibodies passed on during pregnancy. Therefore, option B is the most accurate description of IgG's role in the immune system.

6. Which of the following is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

• A. Transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells
• B. Carrying waste products away from tissues
• C. Regulating body temperature
• D. Producing red blood cells

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Carrying waste products away from tissues.' The primary function of the lymphatic system is to collect excess fluid from tissues and return it to the bloodstream, while also transporting waste products, pathogens, and cellular debris away from tissues to be filtered and eliminated. This helps maintain fluid balance in the body and supports the immune system by removing harmful substances. Options A, C, and D do not accurately describe the primary function of the lymphatic system, making them incorrect choices.

Similar Questions