Nursing Elites

1. What is the main function of lysosomes?

• A. Breaking down and recycling cellular waste
• B. Storing carbohydrates
• C. Synthesizing lipids
• D. Transcribing DNA into mRNA

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The main function of lysosomes is to break down and recycle cellular waste. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that help break down old or damaged organelles, foreign substances, and cellular debris. This process, known as autophagy, helps maintain cellular health and proper functioning. Storing carbohydrates (option B) is not a function of lysosomes; carbohydrates are typically stored in the form of glycogen in the cytoplasm or as starch in plant cells. Synthesizing lipids (option C) is primarily done by the endoplasmic reticulum and not by lysosomes. Transcribing DNA into mRNA (option D) is a function of the nucleus and not the lysosomes. Therefore, the correct answer is A: breaking down and recycling cellular waste.

2. The fundamental units of structure and function in all living organisms, including humans, are termed:

• A. Muscles
• B. Organs
• C. Tissues
• D. Cells

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cells. Cells are the fundamental units of structure and function in all living organisms, including humans. They are the building blocks of life, performing various functions necessary for an organism to survive and thrive. Muscles (A) are composed of muscle tissue, which is made up of muscle cells. Organs (B) are structures made up of different types of tissues working together. Tissues (C) are groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions within an organism. However, cells are the smallest unit of life and are responsible for carrying out all the essential processes needed for an organism to function.

3. The innate immune system provides a non-specific first line of defense. What are some physical barriers that contribute to the innate immune system?

• A. Antibodies
• B. Phagocytes
• C. Skin and mucous membranes
• D. Memory B cells

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: "Skin and mucous membranes." The innate immune system consists of physical barriers, such as the skin and mucous membranes, that act as the first line of defense against pathogens. These barriers prevent pathogens from entering the body and play a crucial role in protecting against infections. Antibodies (option A) are part of the adaptive immune response, not the innate immune system. Phagocytes (option B) are cells that engulf and destroy pathogens, which are part of the innate immune system. Memory B cells (option D) are specific to the adaptive immune response and are not considered part of the innate immunity that provides the initial, non-specific defense.

4. Which cartilage type allows for smooth movement at joints and absorbs shock?

• A. Hyaline cartilage
• B. Fibrocartilage
• C. Elastic cartilage
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body and is found in the joints, providing a smooth surface for movement. It also acts as a shock absorber, cushioning the joints during activities. Fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs and provides strength and support, but it is not as effective at absorbing shock as hyaline cartilage. Elastic cartilage is found in the external ear and epiglottis, providing flexibility and maintaining shape, but it does not have the same shock-absorbing properties as hyaline cartilage. Therefore, hyaline cartilage is the best choice for a cartilage type that allows for smooth movement at joints and absorbs shock.

5. Aubrey thinks about primary nursing as a system to deliver care. Which of the following

• A. Collaborates with the physician
• B. Provides care to a group of patients together with a group of nurses
• C. Provides care for 5-6 patients during their hospital stay.
• D. Performs comprehensive initial assessment

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Primary nursing is a care delivery system where one nurse is responsible for the total nursing care needs of a group of patients throughout their hospital stay. This includes performing comprehensive initial assessments, developing care plans, coordinating with other healthcare team members, and providing direct patient care. Option D is the correct answer as it aligns with the core principles of primary nursing, emphasizing the nurse's role in conducting thorough assessments to ensure individualized and holistic care for each patient in their caseload. Options A, B, and C do not accurately reflect the key components of primary nursing, making them incorrect choices.

6. What is the difference between exhalation (expiration) and inhalation (inspiration)?

• A. Exhalation involves active muscle contraction, while inhalation is passive.
• B. Inhalation brings in oxygen-rich air, while exhalation releases oxygen-depleted air.
• C. Exhalation occurs through the nose only, while inhalation can occur through the nose or mouth.
• D. Inhalation warms and humidifies air, while exhalation cools and dries air.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Option B is the correct answer because inhalation is the process of breathing in, where the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to expand the chest cavity, allowing air to enter the lungs. This air is rich in oxygen, which is essential for cellular respiration. On the other hand, exhalation is the process of breathing out, where the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and air to be expelled from the lungs. This air is depleted of oxygen as it has been used up during cellular respiration. Understanding the difference between inhaling oxygen-rich air and exhaling oxygen-depleted air is crucial for comprehending the respiratory system's function and the exchange of gases in the body.

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