Nursing Elites

1. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines its:

• A. Mass number
• B. Atomic number
• C. Isotope
• D. Valence electron count

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The atomic number (Z) equals the number of protons in the nucleus and uniquely identifies an element. Mass number (A) includes both protons and neutrons, isotopes have different neutron numbers, and valence electrons are involved in bonding, not atomic identity.

2. The ball-and-socket joint, which allows for wide range of motion, is found in the connection between:

• A. Upper arm and shoulder blade (scapula)
• B. Collarbone (clavicle) and breastbone (sternum)
• C. Two vertebrae in the spine
• D. Ribs and sternum

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Upper arm and shoulder blade (scapula).' The ball-and-socket joint is found in the connection between the humerus (upper arm bone) and the scapula (shoulder blade). This joint allows for a wide range of motion, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. The collarbone (clavicle) and breastbone (sternum) are connected by a cartilaginous joint, not a ball-and-socket joint. Two vertebrae in the spine are connected by facet joints, and the ribs and sternum are connected by cartilaginous joints and the costovertebral joints. Therefore, the ball-and-socket joint is uniquely found in the connection between the upper arm and the shoulder blade, allowing for the shoulder's impressive range of motion.

3. The human body's largest organ, responsible for detoxification and a multitude of other functions, is the:

• A. Heart
• B. Liver
• C. Lungs
• D. Skin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Liver. The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body and is responsible for detoxification, processing nutrients, producing bile, and regulating blood sugar levels, among other functions. While the heart is vital for pumping blood, the lungs are crucial for respiration, and the skin is the body's largest external organ, the liver plays a central role in detoxification and various metabolic processes, making it the correct answer to this question.

4. Which hormone, produced by the adrenal glands, is essential for the regulation of electrolyte balance, particularly sodium and potassium, in the body?

• A. Aldosterone
• B. Epinephrine
• C. Cortisol
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in regulating electrolyte balance, especially sodium and potassium levels in the body. It acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium, which helps to maintain proper fluid balance and blood pressure. Epinephrine (B) is involved in the 'fight or flight' response, cortisol (C) is a stress hormone, and insulin (D) regulates blood sugar levels, but neither of these hormones primarily regulates electrolyte balance like aldosterone does.

5. Identify the antonym of the word "pensive":

• A. joyous
• B. thoughtful
• C. curious
• D. introspective

Correct answer: A

Rationale: "Joyous" is the opposite of "pensive," which means thoughtful and slightly melancholy.

6. Square: A garden bed has a side length of 8 meters. What is its perimeter?

• A. 16m
• B. 24m
• C. 32m
• D. 64m

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Since all sides are equal, multiply the side length by 4: perimeter = 4 * side length = 4 * 8m = 32m.

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