ATI TEAS 7
Biology
1. Which of the following is the main organ responsible for producing antibodies?
- A. Thymus gland
- B. Spleen
- C. Bone marrow
- D. Lymph nodes
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Antibodies are proteins produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (B cells). These B cells mature in the bone marrow, where they undergo a process of differentiation and maturation to become plasma cells that secrete antibodies. The bone marrow is the primary site for the production of B cells and antibodies in the immune system. The thymus gland is responsible for the maturation of T lymphocytes (T cells), not antibody production. The spleen and lymph nodes play roles in filtering and trapping pathogens but are not the main organs responsible for producing antibodies.
2. Acknowledge the organ devoted to blood filtration.
- A. Liver
- B. Kidneys
- C. Spleen
- D. Pancreas
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The kidneys are the primary organs responsible for filtering blood and removing waste products, excess fluids, and toxins. They play a crucial role in maintaining the body's internal environment and regulating blood pressure.
3. When a muscle shortens and generates force, this is called a:
- A. Contraction
- B. Relaxation
- C. Extension
- D. Atrophy
Correct answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Contraction. When a muscle shortens and generates force, it is undergoing a contraction. During a contraction, the muscle fibers are actively pulling on the tendons, causing movement at a joint. This process requires energy and coordination between muscle fibers to contract simultaneously. In contrast, relaxation (option B) is when the muscle fibers return to their resting length and stop generating force. Extension (option C) refers to the movement that increases the angle at a joint, typically involving the lengthening of muscles. Atrophy (option D) is the wasting away or decrease in size of muscle tissue due to disuse or disease, not the active shortening and force generation of a muscle during a contraction.
4. What enzyme plays a key role in breaking down carbohydrates in the small intestine?
- A. Pepsin
- B. Lipase
- C. Amylase
- D. Trypsin
Correct answer: C
Rationale: Amylase, produced by the pancreas and salivary glands, breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars like glucose.
5. The microscopic units responsible for muscle contraction are called
- A. Neurons
- B. Myofibrils
- C. Tendons
- D. Sarcomeres
Correct answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Sarcomeres. Sarcomeres are the fundamental contractile units of skeletal muscle. They are composed of overlapping actin and myosin filaments that slide past each other during muscle contraction, resulting in muscle shortening. Neurons (A) are nerve cells that transmit signals to and from the brain. Myofibrils (B) are thread-like structures within muscle fibers that contain sarcomeres. Tendons (C) are fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones, but they are not directly involved in muscle contraction like sarcomeres are.
6. Which type of joint allows for the widest range of motion, like the shoulder joint?
- A. Hinge joint
- B. Ball-and-socket joint
- C. Gliding joint
- D. Fixed joint
Correct answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ball-and-socket joint. A ball-and-socket joint, like the shoulder joint, allows for the widest range of motion in all directions, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. This type of joint consists of a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cup-like socket of another bone, providing great mobility and flexibility. Hinge joints, like the elbow, only allow movement in one plane (like a door hinge), gliding joints permit limited sliding movements between bones, and fixed joints, such as those in the skull, have no movement at all.
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