Nursing Elites

1. What happens to the frequency of a wave if its wavelength decreases while the speed remains constant?

• A. Frequency decreases
• B. Frequency increases
• C. Frequency remains constant
• D. Frequency becomes zero

Correct answer: b

Rationale: If the speed of the wave remains constant while the wavelength decreases, the frequency of the wave increases.

2. Recognize the opposing muscle pair.

• A. Bicep and tricep (Arm flexion and extension)
• B. Hamstring and quadriceps (Knee extension and flexion)
• C. Pectoralis major and pectoralis minor (Chest muscles)
• D. Trapezius and deltoid (Shoulder movement)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The bicep and tricep muscles are antagonistic muscle pairs, meaning they work in opposition to each other. The bicep is located on the front of the upper arm and is responsible for flexing the elbow joint. The tricep is located on the back of the upper arm and is responsible for extending the elbow joint.

3. In the context of the cardiac cycle, the P wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents:

• A. Atrial depolarization
• B. Ventricular depolarization
• C. Atrial repolarization
• D. Ventricular repolarization

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: "Atrial depolarization." The P wave on an ECG represents the depolarization of the atria, specifically the spread of electrical activity through the atria causing them to contract and push blood into the ventricles. This is the first wave observed on the ECG and signifies the beginning of the cardiac cycle. Ventricular depolarization is represented by the QRS complex, atrial repolarization is typically not visible on a standard ECG due to its timing with the QRS complex, and ventricular repolarization is represented by the T wave. Therefore, option A is the most appropriate choice in this context.

4. What is the difference between emphysema and chronic bronchitis, both chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)?

• A. Emphysema damages alveoli, while chronic bronchitis inflames airways.
• B. Emphysema causes coughing, while chronic bronchitis leads to shortness of breath.
• C. Emphysema is more reversible than chronic bronchitis.
• D. Emphysema affects only smokers, while chronic bronchitis can occur in non-smokers.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are both types of COPD, but they have distinct characteristics. Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of the alveoli in the lungs, which impairs the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. This damage to the alveoli leads to difficulty breathing and decreased lung function. On the other hand, chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to excessive mucus production and a persistent cough. While both conditions are chronic and progressive, emphysema primarily affects the alveoli, while chronic bronchitis primarily affects the airways. Understanding these differences is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and management of COPD.

5. Which type of waves do not require a medium for propagation?

• A. Transverse waves
• B. Longitudinal waves
• C. Electromagnetic waves
• D. Surface waves

Correct answer: c

Rationale: Electromagnetic waves (such as light or radio waves) can travel through a vacuum as they do not require a medium.

6. What kind of lens focuses parallel light rays to a single point?

• A. Concave lens
• B. Convex lens
• C. Cylindrical lens
• D. Plano lens

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Convex lenses (converging lenses) bend incoming light rays inwards, focusing them to a point called the focal point.

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