Nursing Elites

1. What is the tone of the following sentence: "The presentation was informative and engaging."

• A. Sarcastic
• B. Neutral
• C. Angry
• D. Confused

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The sentence objectively describes the presentation without expressing any specific emotions.

2. A nurse needs to dilute 2 milliliters of a concentrated medication with 8 milliliters of sterile water. What is the final concentration of the solution in percent?

• A. 16.67%
• B. 20%
• C. 25%
• D. 50%

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Calculate the total volume of the solution (2 ml + 8 ml = 10 ml). Then, divide the volume of the concentrated medication by the total volume and multiply by 100%: (2 ml / 10 ml) * 100% = 20%.

3. What is the Doppler effect, and how does it explain the shift in frequency of sound waves perceived by an observer?

• A. It only affects light waves, not sound waves.
• B. It's the change in wave speed due to medium density.
• C. It's the perceived change in frequency due to relative motion.
• D. It's the bending of waves due to different mediums.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The Doppler effect describes how the perceived frequency of a wave changes depending on the relative motion between the source and observer. For example, an approaching siren sounds higher pitched due to compressed wavefronts, while a receding siren sounds lower due to stretched wavefronts.

4. Which of the following is an example of a salt?

• A. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
• B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
• C. Sodium chloride (NaCl)
• D. Sulfuric acid (Hâ‚‚SOâ‚„)

Correct answer: c

Rationale: Sodium chloride is an example of a salt. The other choices are either bases or acids.

5. Elements tend to gain or lose electrons to achieve stable electron configurations like those of noble gases. Their group number often indicates the number of electrons gained/lost and the resulting ionic charge, providing a good starting point for prediction.

• A. Ionic bonds involve electron sharing, while metallic bonds involve electron transfer
• B. Ionic bonds are weak and directional, while metallic bonds are strong and non-directional
• C. Ionic bonds exist between metals and non-metals, while metallic bonds exist only between metals
• D. Ionic bonds form discrete molecules, while metallic bonds form extended structures

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Ionic bonds involve complete electron transfer between atoms, creating strong, non-directional electrostatic attraction. Metallic bonds involve a delocalized "sea" of electrons shared across all metal atoms, resulting in a strong, extended structure.

6. The innate immune system provides:

• A. Nonspecific, immediate defense against pathogens
• B. Specific, long-term immune response through memory cells
• C. Both (a) and (b)
• D. Neither (a) nor (b)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Nonspecific, immediate defense against pathogens.' The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against pathogens and provides a rapid, nonspecific response. It includes physical barriers like the skin, chemical barriers like stomach acid, and cellular responses like inflammation. This system does not involve memory cells or provide long-term immunity, which are characteristics of the adaptive immune system. Therefore, option A accurately describes the function of the innate immune system as a quick and nonspecific defense mechanism.

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