1. What is the purpose of the periosteum, the tough outer layer of bone?

A. Produces red blood cells
B. Provides protection and nourishment to bone
C. Forms the joint surface
D. Stores minerals

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Provides protection and nourishment to bone.' The periosteum is a tough outer layer of bone that serves multiple functions. It provides protection by acting as a barrier against infections and injuries. Additionally, the periosteum contains blood vessels that supply nutrients to the bone cells, aiding in bone growth, repair, and maintenance. While red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow, not in the periosteum, the periosteum's primary role is to support the overall health and integrity of the bone structure.

2. A lampshade is shaped like a frustum of a cone, with base diameters of 20cm and 10cm and a height of 15cm. What is its volume?

A. 625 cu cm
B. 1250 cu cm
C. 1875 cu cm
D. 2500 cu cm

Correct answer: C

Rationale: This requires dividing the frustum into two cones and calculating their individual volumes before subtracting them. The formula for a cone frustum involves the radii of both bases and the height.

3. What property of a wave determines its pitch in sound waves?

A. Amplitude
B. Frequency
C. Wavelength
D. Speed

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The pitch of a sound wave is determined by its frequency. Frequency refers to the number of cycles of a wave that occur in a given time period. Higher frequencies correspond to higher pitches, while lower frequencies correspond to lower pitches. Amplitude refers to the intensity or loudness of a sound wave, wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points in a wave, and speed is the rate at which a wave travels through a medium.

4. Which pattern of nursing care involves the care given by a group of paraprofessional workers

A. Case method
B. Modular nursing
C. Nursing case management
D. Team nursing

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Case method.' The case method of nursing care involves the care provided by a group of paraprofessional workers, such as nursing assistants or aides, under the supervision of professional nurses. In this model, the nursing team works together to deliver care to a group of patients based on their specific needs and conditions. This method allows for efficient and coordinated care delivery, with each member of the team playing a crucial role in meeting the patients' healthcare needs. It is important for nurses to effectively delegate tasks and supervise paraprofessional workers in the case method model to ensure high-quality care and patient safety.

5. Action potentials, the all-or-nothing electrical signals traveling along neurons, are generated by the movement of:

A. Glucose
B. Sodium and potassium ions
C. Neurotransmitters
D. Myelin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sodium and potassium ions. Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuronal membrane. During depolarization, sodium ions rush into the cell, causing a change in electrical charge. This influx of positive ions triggers the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels, allowing potassium ions to exit the cell during repolarization. Glucose is a source of energy for cells but does not directly generate action potentials. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers released at synapses, while myelin is a fatty substance that insulates axons, speeding up the conduction of action potentials but not directly generating them.

6. Differentiate between epithelial and connective tissue.

A. Epithelial tissue is exclusively found in the lungs, while connective tissue supports tendons.
B. Both are composed of cells, but epithelial tissue lines surfaces and glands, while connective tissue binds other tissues.
C. Epithelial tissue is more vascularized, while connective tissue is responsible for muscle contraction.
D. Epithelial tissue is the largest tissue type, while connective tissue is the smallest.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and lines organs, while connective tissue provides support and structure throughout the body. Both are composed of cells, but their functions and locations differ.