1. What is the difference between a ventral and dorsal root of a spinal nerve?

A. Ventral carries motor, dorsal carries sensory information.
B. Ventral carries sensory, dorsal carries motor information.
C. Ventral is larger, dorsal is smaller.
D. Ventral is located anteriorly, dorsal is posteriorly.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Ventral carries motor, dorsal carries sensory information.' Ventral roots of spinal nerves contain motor fibers that carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, controlling movement and function. Dorsal roots, on the other hand, contain sensory fibers that transmit information such as touch, pain, and temperature from the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system for processing. Understanding this distinction is crucial for comprehending how information is transmitted and processed in the nervous system.

2. The number of protons in an atom determines its:

A. Mass number
B. Atomic number
C. Atomic number
D. Valence electron count

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The atomic number (Z) equals the number of protons and defines an element's core identity.

3. The gradual loss of topsoil due to wind or water erosion is called:

A. Desertification
B. Leaching
C. Salinization
D. Acidification

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A) Desertification refers to the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture practices. The gradual loss of topsoil due to wind or water erosion can lead to the degradation of land and contribute to desertification. B) Leaching is the process by which minerals are washed out of the soil by water moving downwards through it. C) Salinization occurs when salt accumulates in the soil, usually as a result of irrigation in arid regions. D) Acidification refers to the decrease in soil pH, often caused by acid rain or the use of acidic fertilizers.

4. Which of the following guidelines should be least considered in formulating objectives for

A. Written nursing care plan
B. Holistic approach
C. Prescribed standards
D. Staff preferences

Correct answer: D

Rationale: When formulating objectives for a written nursing care plan, staff preferences should be least considered. Objectives should be based on patient needs, evidence-based practice, and professional standards rather than personal preferences of the staff. Prescribed standards ensure quality care and adherence to best practices. A holistic approach considers the whole patient, including physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects. Staff preferences may introduce bias and should not dictate patient care objectives.

5. Which of the following statements best describes Newton's first law of motion?

A. An object in motion tends to stay in motion, and an object at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted upon by an external force.
B. Force equals mass times acceleration.
C. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
D. The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Newton's first law of motion, also known as the law of inertia, states that an object in motion will remain in motion, and an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force. This principle highlights the concept of inertia, which is the tendency of objects to resist changes in their state of motion. Option A accurately captures this fundamental aspect of Newton's first law. Options B, C, and D describe Newton's second law, third law, and the relationship between force, acceleration, and mass, respectively.