Nursing Elites

1. Which of the following is NOT a type of antibody?

• A. IgA
• B. IgM
• C. Interferon
• D. IgG

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: A) IgA: This is a type of antibody found in mucosal areas such as the gut, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract. B) IgM: This is a type of antibody produced during the primary immune response and is the first antibody to be produced in response to an infection. C) Interferon: Interferons are signaling proteins produced by cells in response to viral infections. They play a role in the immune response but are not antibodies. D) IgG: This is the most abundant type of antibody in the bloodstream and is involved in long-term immunity. Therefore, the correct answer is C) Interferon, as it is not a type of antibody.

2. The T wave on an ECG corresponds to:

• A. Atrial depolarization
• B. Ventricular depolarization
• C. Atrial repolarization
• D. Ventricular repolarization

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The T wave on an ECG corresponds to ventricular repolarization. During this phase, the ventricles are resetting electrically after contraction, preparing for the next heartbeat. Atrial depolarization is represented by the P wave, ventricular depolarization by the QRS complex, and atrial repolarization is typically hidden within the QRS complex. Therefore, option D, 'Ventricular repolarization,' is the correct choice when identifying the electrical activity represented by the T wave on an ECG.

3. What is the scientific term for scar tissue?

• A. Epithelial tissue
• B. Fibrous connective tissue
• C. Cartilage
• D. Adipose tissue

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fibrous connective tissue. Scar tissue is formed during the process of wound healing, where fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to repair damaged tissue. This results in the formation of fibrous connective tissue, which is different from epithelial tissue (A), cartilage (C), and adipose tissue (D). While epithelial tissue lines surfaces and organs, cartilage is a type of connective tissue found in joints, and adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue that stores energy in the form of fat. Scar tissue, on the other hand, is primarily composed of collagen fibers and is classified as fibrous connective tissue.

4. What is the process of removing waste products from the cell called?

• A. Exocytosis
• B. Endocytosis
• C. Phagocytosis
• D. Pinocytosis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A) Exocytosis is the process by which cells expel waste products or other substances by fusing a vesicle containing the waste with the cell membrane, releasing its contents outside the cell. This process is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis by removing waste products from the cell. B) Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in substances by engulfing them in a vesicle formed from the cell membrane. This process is the opposite of exocytosis and is used to bring substances into the cell. C) Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis where cells engulf solid particles or other cells to form a vesicle called a phagosome. This process is used by immune cells to engulf and destroy pathogens. D) Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis where cells engulf fluids and dissolved solutes. This process allows cells to take in nutrients and

5. Sebaceous glands, located in the dermis, secrete an oily substance called:

• A. Sweat
• B. Sebum
• C. Cerumen
• D. Mucus

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sebum. Sebaceous glands are located in the dermis layer of the skin and are responsible for producing sebum, an oily substance that helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Sweat glands, on the other hand, are located in the dermis and subcutaneous layers and produce sweat to help regulate body temperature. Cerumen is produced by ceruminous glands in the ear canal to protect the ear, while mucus is produced by mucous glands in the respiratory system to help trap and remove particles. Therefore, sebum is the oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands in the dermis.

6. A balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride is:

• A. Na + Cl2 -> NaCl
• B. 2Na + Cl2 -> 2NaCl
• C. Na2 + Cl -> 2NaCl
• D. Na + 2Cl -> NaCl2

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride is '2Na + Cl2 -> 2NaCl'. This equation is balanced as it shows that 2 atoms of sodium react with 1 molecule of chlorine gas to produce 2 molecules of sodium chloride. Option A 'Na + Cl2 -> NaCl' is incorrect as it does not balance the number of atoms on both sides of the equation. It only shows 1 atom of sodium reacting with 1 molecule of chlorine, which is not a balanced representation of the chemical reaction. Therefore, option B is the correct choice for this question.

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