Nursing Elites

1. Which structure in the respiratory system serves as a passageway for both air and food, with a flap-like structure that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

• A. Larynx
• B. Pharynx
• C. Trachea
• D. Bronchi

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pharynx. The pharynx is a structure in the respiratory system that serves as a passageway for both air and food. It has a flap-like structure called the epiglottis, which prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing. The larynx is commonly known as the voice box and is responsible for sound production. The trachea is a tube that carries air to and from the lungs, and the bronchi are the two main branches that lead from the trachea to the lungs. Therefore, the pharynx is the correct answer as it specifically fits the description provided in the question.

2. Which type of energy is associated with the random motion of particles in a substance?

• A. Potential energy
• B. Mechanical energy
• C. Thermal energy
• D. Chemical energy

Correct answer: c

Rationale: Thermal energy is related to the random motion of particles in a substance and is associated with temperature.

3. A car skids on a wet road. What is the main force preventing the car from stopping?

• A. Friction
• B. Gravitational force
• C. Normal force from the road
• D. Air resistance

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Friction opposes the motion of the car, trying to bring it to a stop. However, due to the wet surface, the friction force is not enough to overcome the car's inertia.

4. A triangular scarf has sides measuring 10cm, 12cm, and 15cm. What is its perimeter?

• A. 27cm
• B. 32cm
• C. 37cm
• D. 45cm

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Simply add the lengths of all sides: perimeter = side1 + side2 + side3 = 10cm + 12cm + 15cm = 37cm.

5. Antigenic variation, a common strategy used by some viruses, allows them to:

• A. Produce toxins
• B. Evade the immune system
• C. Survive outside a host
• D. Replicate rapidly

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Antigenic variation is a strategy used by some viruses to evade the host's immune response. By constantly changing their surface antigens, viruses can avoid recognition and destruction by the immune system. This allows the virus to persist in the host and continue replicating, leading to prolonged infection and potential transmission to other hosts. Antigenic variation does not directly involve the production of toxins, survival outside a host, or rapid replication, making options A, C, and D incorrect in this context.

6. What is the function of arrector pili muscles?

• A. To control sweat production
• B. To contract and cause goosebumps
• C. To produce sebum
• D. To sense touch

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'To contract and cause goosebumps.' Arrector pili muscles are small muscles attached to hair follicles in the skin. When these muscles contract, they cause the hair to stand upright, resulting in the appearance of goosebumps. This physiological response is a remnant of our evolutionary past when our ancestors had more hair, and the raised hair helped to trap air for insulation or to make them look larger when threatened. Therefore, the function of arrector pili muscles is not to control sweat production (A), produce sebum (C), or sense touch (D), but rather to create the physical response of goosebumps.

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