Nursing Elites

1. What is the difference between emphysema and chronic bronchitis, both chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)?

• A. Emphysema damages alveoli, while chronic bronchitis inflames airways.
• B. Emphysema causes coughing, while chronic bronchitis leads to shortness of breath.
• C. Emphysema is more reversible than chronic bronchitis.
• D. Emphysema affects only smokers, while chronic bronchitis can occur in non-smokers.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are both types of COPD, but they have distinct characteristics. Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of the alveoli in the lungs, which impairs the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. This damage to the alveoli leads to difficulty breathing and decreased lung function. On the other hand, chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to excessive mucus production and a persistent cough. While both conditions are chronic and progressive, emphysema primarily affects the alveoli, while chronic bronchitis primarily affects the airways. Understanding these differences is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and management of COPD.

2. A book slides across a table. What determines the magnitude of the frictional force acting on the book?

• A. Only the mass of the book
• B. Only the normal force from the table
• C. Both the mass of the book and the normal force from the table
• D. Neither the mass of the book nor the normal force from the table

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Both the mass of the book and the normal force from the table. Friction is proportional to both the normal force and the coefficient of friction, which depends on the materials in contact. Since the normal force depends on the weight of the object (mass x gravity), both factors are important.

3. What is the main component of bile, a substance that aids in fat digestion?

• A. Proteins
• B. Carbohydrates
• C. Bile salts
• D. Vitamins

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile salts are the main component of bile that aid in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. Bile salts help emulsify fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets that can be more easily digested by enzymes. Proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins are not the main components of bile and do not play a significant role in fat digestion.

4. What happens to the density of a gas when its temperature increases at constant pressure?

• A. It increases.
• B. It decreases.
• C. It remains the same.
• D. Information insufficient

Correct answer: B

Rationale: As gas particles gain thermal energy with increasing temperature, they spread out, decreasing the density.

5. What is the term for the shedding of the outermost layer of the epidermis?

• A. Desquamation
• B. Exfoliation
• C. Keratinization
• D. Epidermolysis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct term for the shedding of the outermost layer of the epidermis is desquamation. Desquamation is a natural process where old skin cells are shed off to make way for new cells. Exfoliation refers to the removal of dead skin cells through external means like scrubs. Keratinization is the process by which skin cells produce the protein keratin, while epidermolysis is a condition where the epidermis separates from the dermis. Therefore, in this context, desquamation is the most appropriate term for the shedding of the outermost layer of the epidermis.

6. What is the term for a hydrocarbon chain with no double or triple bonds between carbon atoms?

• A. Saturated
• B. Unsaturated
• C. Aromatic
• D. Alkene

Correct answer: A

Rationale: A saturated hydrocarbon chain has only single bonds between carbon atoms. The other choices are associated with unsaturation or aromaticity.

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