Nursing Elites

1. The van't Hoff factor (i) accounts for the number of particles a solute dissociates into in solution. For a compound that dissociates completely in water, i would be...

• A. 0
• B. Less than 1
• C. 1
• D. More than 1

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The van't Hoff factor (i) is used to account for the number of particles a solute dissociates into in solution. For a compound that dissociates completely in water, such as a strong electrolyte, i would be equal to the total number of ions produced by the dissociation. Since the compound dissociates completely, it forms an equal number of ions, resulting in an i value of 1. Therefore, the correct answer is C: 1.

2. The muscular diaphragm plays a vital role in respiration. When it contracts, it:

• A. Increases lung volume for inhalation
• B. Decreases lung volume for exhalation
• C. Filters dust and particles from inhaled air
• D. Produces mucus to lubricate the airways

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The diaphragm is a crucial muscle involved in respiration. When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and moves downwards, increasing the volume in the thoracic cavity. This expansion creates a negative pressure in the lungs, causing air to rush in during inhalation. Therefore, option A, 'Increases lung volume for inhalation,' is the correct answer. The diaphragm's contraction facilitates the breathing process by creating space for the lungs to expand and take in air, making it essential for proper respiration.

3. What is the process by which decomposers break down organic matter?

• A. Photosynthesis
• B. Bioremediation
• C. Decomposition
• D. Nitrification

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: A) Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water. This process is not related to the breakdown of organic matter by decomposers. B) Bioremediation is the use of living organisms to clean up contaminated environments. While it involves the use of microorganisms to break down pollutants, it is not specifically focused on breaking down organic matter. C) Decomposition is the process by which decomposers such as bacteria, fungi, and other organisms break down organic matter into simpler substances. This process is essential for nutrient recycling in ecosystems. D) Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrite followed by the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate by nitrifying bacteria. This process is part of the nitrogen cycle and is not directly related to the breakdown of organic matter.

4. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process in the brain associated with:

• A. Sensory perception
• B. Memory formation
• C. Muscle control
• D. Emotional regulation

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a process in the brain that is primarily associated with memory formation. During LTP, the strength of synaptic connections between neurons is increased, which is crucial for encoding and storing memories. While sensory perception, muscle control, and emotional regulation involve different brain processes, LTP specifically plays a key role in the formation and retention of memories. Therefore, the correct answer is B: Memory formation.

5. Which of the following is NOT a state of matter?

• A. Solid
• B. Liquid
• C. Gas
• D. Superfluid

Correct answer: D

Rationale: While superfluids exhibit some liquid-like properties, they are a distinct state of matter with unique characteristics beyond the traditional solid, liquid, gas, and plasma classifications.

6. How did life most likely arise on Earth?

• A. From simple organic molecules in a primordial soup
• B. By spontaneous generation from non-living matter
• C. Through the arrival of extraterrestrial life forms
• D. We still don't know for sure

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: The most widely accepted scientific theory for the origin of life on Earth is abiogenesis, which suggests that life arose from simple organic molecules in a primordial soup. This theory is supported by experiments such as the Miller-Urey experiment, which demonstrated that the basic building blocks of life could have formed under early Earth conditions. While there are other hypotheses and ongoing research in this field, the primordial soup theory is currently the most plausible explanation for the origin of life on Earth. The other options (B, C, and D) are not supported by scientific evidence or consensus.

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