Nursing Elites

1. What is the functional group present in ethers?

• A. Hydroxyl
• B. Carbonyl
• C. Ether
• D. Amine

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Ethers have the functional group -O-, representing an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. The other choices are associated with different functional groups.

2. The fossil record shows that dinosaurs with feathers existed millions of years before birds. This is evidence for

• A. Convergent evolution (unrelated organisms evolving similar traits)
• B. Divergent evolution (related organisms evolving different traits)
• C. Coevolution (two species influencing each other's evolution)
• D. The extinction of dinosaurs due to an asteroid impact

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: The fossil record indicating that dinosaurs had feathers before birds suggests convergent evolution. Convergent evolution occurs when unrelated organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar environmental pressures. In this case, both dinosaurs and birds developed feathers for flight or insulation purposes, even though they are not closely related. This evidence supports the concept of convergent evolution rather than divergent evolution, coevolution, or the extinction of dinosaurs due to an asteroid impact.

3. The gradual change in a species over time is called:

• A. Adaptation
• B. Evolution
• C. Speciation
• D. Natural selection

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: - Adaptation refers to the process by which a species becomes better suited to its environment over time. While adaptation is a component of evolution, it specifically refers to the changes that help a species survive and reproduce in its environment. - Speciation is the process by which new species arise from a single ancestral species. It involves the evolution of reproductive isolation between populations. - Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the increase in frequency of those traits in a population. - Evolution is the gradual change in a species over time, encompassing all the processes such as adaptation, speciation, and natural selection that drive these changes.

4. The phrase "massive open online courses" (MOOCs) refers to

• A. Online learning platforms designed specifically for students with disabilities.
• B. University-level courses freely available to anyone with an internet connection.
• C. Interactive training modules aimed at developing job-specific skills and knowledge.
• D. Online resources offering personalized learning experiences tailored to individual needs.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: MOOCs by definition are open and accessible courses, aligning with B.

5. Unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system does not have a pump. How does lymph move through the lymphatic vessels?

• A. By the pumping action of the heart
• B. Due to muscle contractions and breathing movements
• C. Through one-way valves within the vessels
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'All of the above.' Unlike the circulatory system which relies on the heart's pumping action, the lymphatic system lacks a central pump. Lymph moves through lymphatic vessels primarily due to muscle contractions and breathing movements that squeeze the vessels, helping propel the lymph forward. Additionally, one-way valves within the lymphatic vessels prevent the backward flow of lymph, ensuring it moves in the right direction. Therefore, all three mechanisms - heart pumping, muscle contractions, and one-way valves - work together to facilitate the movement of lymph through the lymphatic system.

6. The endocrine system communicates through chemical messengers called:

• A. Enzymes
• B. Hormones
• C. Antibodies
• D. Neurons

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hormones. The endocrine system communicates through hormones, which are chemical messengers produced by various glands in the body. These hormones are released into the bloodstream and travel to target organs or tissues to regulate a wide range of bodily functions. Enzymes (A) are biological molecules that catalyze chemical reactions, not chemical messengers for communication within the body. Antibodies (C) are involved in the immune system's response to foreign substances. Neurons (D) are part of the nervous system and communicate through electrical impulses rather than chemical messengers like hormones.

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