Nursing Elites

1. A car is accelerating down a hill. Which of the following forces is NOT acting on the car?

• A. Gravitational force
• B. Normal force from the road
• C. Air resistance
• D. The car's engine force

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Normal force from the road. The normal force acts perpendicular to the surface of contact and does not contribute to the acceleration down the hill.

2. During embryonic development, most vertebrates exhibit structures called pharyngeal pouches. These pouches eventually develop into different structures in various vertebrate groups, such as the human jaw and inner ear. Pharyngeal pouches are an example of:

• A. Analogous structures with different evolutionary origins but similar functions
• B. Homologous structures with a common evolutionary origin but diverse functions
• C. Vestigial structures that no longer serve a vital function in some organisms
• D. Atavisms, the reappearance of a trait absent in recent generations

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Pharyngeal pouches in vertebrates are an example of homologous structures because they share a common evolutionary origin. Despite developing into different structures in various vertebrate groups, such as the jaw and inner ear in humans, these structures originated from the same ancestral feature. This concept of homology highlights the evolutionary relationship between different species and how structures can be modified over time to serve different functions while retaining a common origin.

3. Which type of joint allows for the most movement?

• A. Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder)
• B. Hinge joint (elbow)
• C. Fibrocartilaginous joint (wrists)
• D. Suture joint (skull)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ball-and-socket joint (shoulder). Ball-and-socket joints allow for the most movement in all directions, such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. The shoulder joint is a prime example, as it enables a wide range of motion, allowing the arm to move in multiple planes. Hinge joints, like the elbow, primarily allow movement in one direction (flexion and extension). Fibrocartilaginous joints, such as those in the wrists, have limited movement due to the presence of cartilage between the bones. Suture joints, found in the skull, are immovable joints that provide structural support rather than movement. Therefore, ball-and-socket joints like the shoulder joint offer the greatest range of motion among the options provided.

4. The stomach produces a strong acid to help break down food. What is the name of this acid?

• A. Hydrochloric acid
• B. Lactic acid
• C. Bile
• D. Fatty acid

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hydrochloric acid. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid to help break down food by lowering the pH level in the stomach, creating an acidic environment that aids in the digestion of proteins and other nutrients. Lactic acid is produced in muscles during exercise and is not related to stomach digestion. Bile is produced by the liver and helps in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. Fatty acids are a type of molecule that is a component of fats, not the acid produced by the stomach for digestion.

5. Which word completes the sentence: "Despite the storm, the concert ____ went on."

• A. nevertheless
• B. however
• C. therefore
• D. nonetheless

Correct answer: D

Rationale: "Nonetheless" emphasizes the continuation of the concert despite the contrary circumstance.

6. What is the name of the radioactive isotope commonly used in medical imaging techniques like PET scans?

• A. Uranium-235
• B. Plutonium-239
• C. Potassium-40
• D. Fluorine-18

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Fluorine-18 is the radioactive isotope commonly used in medical imaging techniques like PET scans. It is often used in the form of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) to detect areas of increased metabolic activity in the body, such as in cancer cells. Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239 are not typically used in medical imaging, and Potassium-40 is a naturally occurring radioactive isotope found in the human body but is not commonly used in medical imaging techniques.

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