Nursing Elites

1. What are the four main types of macromolecules that are essential for life?

• A. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
• B. Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and vitamins
• C. Minerals, vitamins, proteins, and fats
• D. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and hormones

Correct answer: A

Rationale: These four types of macromolecules are the building blocks of life and play essential roles in various cellular processes. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are the primary energy source for cells and provide structural support for cell membranes and other cellular components. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and are classified into monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (double sugars), and polysaccharides (complex sugars). Lipids: Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that include fats, oils, and waxes. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. Lipids serve as energy storage molecules, provide insulation for cells and organs, and are essential components of cell membranes. Proteins: Proteins are complex molecules composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. They are responsible for a vast array of cellular functions, including structural support, enzymatic catalysis,

2. Where are most of the body's immune cells located?

• A. Blood
• B. Brain
• C. Skin
• D. Large intestine

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: - The majority of the body's immune cells are located in the blood. Immune cells, such as white blood cells (leukocytes), circulate throughout the body via the bloodstream to detect and fight off infections and foreign invaders. - While immune cells are also present in other parts of the body like the lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow, the blood serves as a primary conduit for immune cells to travel to different tissues and organs to carry out their functions. - The brain (option B) is protected by the blood-brain barrier, which limits the entry of immune cells into the brain to prevent inflammation and damage. - The skin (option C) contains immune cells like Langerhans cells that help protect against pathogens, but the largest concentration of immune cells is found in the blood. - The large intestine (option D) also houses a significant amount of immune cells due to its role in interacting with the external environment through

3. What is the difference between a real image and a virtual image formed by a lens?

• A. Real images can be projected onto a screen, while virtual images cannot.
• B. Real images are always upright, while virtual images can be inverted.
• C. Real images are formed by converging lenses, while virtual images are formed by diverging lenses.
• D. All of the above are true.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Real images are formed by the actual convergence of light rays and can be projected onto a screen, while virtual images are formed by the apparent divergence of light rays and cannot be projected.

4. The energy absorbed during a chemical reaction is called:

• A. Kinetic energy
• B. Potential energy
• C. Heat energy
• D. Endothermic energy

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Endothermic means "inward heat," indicating energy is absorbed during the reaction.

5. A balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride is:

• A. Na + Cl2 -> NaCl
• B. 2Na + Cl2 -> 2NaCl
• C. Na2 + Cl -> 2NaCl
• D. Na + 2Cl -> NaCl2

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct balanced chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride is '2Na + Cl2 -> 2NaCl'. This equation is balanced as it shows that 2 atoms of sodium react with 1 molecule of chlorine gas to produce 2 molecules of sodium chloride. Option A 'Na + Cl2 -> NaCl' is incorrect as it does not balance the number of atoms on both sides of the equation. It only shows 1 atom of sodium reacting with 1 molecule of chlorine, which is not a balanced representation of the chemical reaction. Therefore, option B is the correct choice for this question.

6. What checkpoint mechanism ensures all chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers before anaphase begins?

• A. Prometaphase
• B. Prometaphase
• C. Cyclin degradation
• D. Sister chromatid cohesion

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A) Prometaphase is the correct answer because it is the stage of mitosis where all chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers before anaphase begins. During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope breaks down, allowing the spindle fibers to attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. This attachment is necessary for proper chromosome alignment and segregation during anaphase. B) Metaphase is incorrect because it is the stage where chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate but do not necessarily have all spindle fibers attached. C) Cyclin degradation is incorrect because it is a regulatory mechanism that controls the progression of the cell cycle but is not specifically related to ensuring all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers. D) Sister chromatid cohesion is incorrect because it refers to the physical connection between sister chromatids that is maintained until anaphase, but it does not ensure that all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers.

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