Nursing Elites

1. What are chromosomes made of?

• A. DNA and RNA
• B. DNA and proteins
• C. Proteins and carbohydrates
• D. DNA only

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Chromosomes are structures found in the nucleus of cells that contain genetic material. They are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which carries the genetic information, and proteins that help in the organization and packaging of the DNA. While RNA is involved in various cellular processes, it is not a major component of chromosomes. Carbohydrates are not a significant component of chromosomes. Therefore, the most accurate answer is B) DNA and proteins.

2. What is the technical term for the involuntary muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract?

• A. Segmentation
• B. Peristalsis
• C. Chylification
• D. Emulsification

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Peristalsis. Peristalsis is the coordinated, rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles in the digestive tract that propels food forward. This process helps move food through the esophagus, stomach, and intestines for digestion and absorption of nutrients. Segmentation (option A) is a different process involving alternating contractions in the intestines to mix food with digestive juices. Chylification (option C) is not a recognized term in digestion. Emulsification (option D) is the process of breaking down fats into smaller droplets for easier digestion, typically occurring in the small intestine with the help of bile. Therefore, peristalsis is the specific term for the involuntary muscular contractions responsible for moving food through the digestive tract.

3. What is the process by which a cell divides into two or more new cells?

• A. Mitosis
• B. Meiosis
• C. Both mitosis and meiosis
• D. None of the above

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This type of cell division is essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Therefore, meiosis is not the process by which a cell divides into two or more new cells. Option C is incorrect because meiosis is not involved in the general process of cell division to produce new cells. Option D is incorrect because mitosis is the correct process for cell division.

4. What is the process by which a large, unstable nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, releasing neutrons and energy?

• A. Alpha decay
• B. Beta decay
• C. Gamma decay
• D. Nuclear fission

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Nuclear fission involves splitting a heavy nucleus into smaller fragments, releasing neutrons and energy.

5. What is the scientific unit used to measure the radioactivity of a substance?

• A. Becquerel (Bq)
• B. Joule (J)
• C. Newton (N)
• D. Kelvin (K)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Becquerel measures the number of nuclear decays per second in a radioactive sample.

6. Which of the following statements about prions is TRUE?

• A. They are composed of proteins only
• B. They are easily destroyed by common disinfectants
• C. hey are a type of antibiotic
• D. They are a live organism

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A) This statement is true. Prions are infectious agents composed entirely of protein, lacking nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA. They are known for causing neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. B) This statement is false. Prions are not easily destroyed by common disinfectants due to their unique structure and resistance to conventional sterilization methods. C) This statement is false. Prions are not a type of antibiotic. They are a distinct class of infectious agents. D) This statement is false. Prions are not live organisms but rather misfolded proteins that can induce abnormal folding in normal proteins, leading to disease.

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