Nursing Elites

1. The energy required to break a chemical bond is called:

• A. Kinetic energy
• B. Potential energy
• C. Activation energy
• D. Bond energy

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Activation energy is the energy required to break a chemical bond and initiate a chemical reaction. Kinetic energy (option A) is the energy of motion, potential energy (option B) is stored energy, and bond energy (option D) is the energy required to break a particular chemical bond in a molecule. Among the options provided, activation energy best describes the energy required to break a chemical bond.

2. What is the lysosome?

• A. A sac-like structure that contains enzymes that break down cellular components
• B. A network of tubules that transport proteins and lipids throughout the cell
• C. The site of protein synthesis
• D. The site of cellular respiration

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles found in animal cells that contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes help break down various cellular components, such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and even foreign particles like bacteria. This process of breaking down and recycling cellular components is essential for maintaining cell health and function. Options B, C, and D do not accurately describe the function or structure of a lysosome.

3. What is the strongest evidence for evolution?

• A. The fossil record
• B. Comparative anatomy
• C. Biogeography
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: A) The fossil record provides evidence of how organisms have changed over time, showing transitional forms and the progression of species. B) Comparative anatomy involves studying the similarities and differences in the structures of different species, which can reveal common ancestry and evolutionary relationships. C) Biogeography examines the distribution of species around the world, which can be explained by evolution and continental drift. By considering all of the above evidence together, scientists can build a comprehensive understanding of evolution and how species have changed and diversified over time.

4. Which sentence avoids a comma splice?

• A. The wind howled, the branches swayed, and rain lashed against the windows.
• B. He packed his bags, he checked the weather forecast, and then hit the road.
• C. The movie was entertaining, it was also thought-provoking.
• D. Tired and hungry, she stopped for a quick bite at the cafe.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Option C uses a semicolon to separate two independent clauses, avoiding a comma splice.

5. Passive transport does not require energy input from the cell. Which of the following is an example of passive transport?

• A. Active transport of ions across a membrane
• B. Diffusion of small molecules across a concentration gradient
• C. Movement of large molecules using vesicles
• D. Endocytosis of particles into the cell

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Passive transport refers to the movement of molecules across a cell membrane without the need for energy input. Endocytosis is an example of passive transport because it involves the cell engulfing particles or molecules from the external environment into vesicles without the direct expenditure of energy. On the other hand, options A, B, and C involve active processes that require energy. Active transport, such as the movement of ions against their concentration gradient, requires energy in the form of ATP. Diffusion of small molecules across a concentration gradient also does not require energy input, but it is a passive process, not active transport. Movement of large molecules using vesicles is a form of active transport called vesicular transport. Therefore, the correct answer is D, endocytosis of particles into the cell, as it exemplifies passive transport without the need for energy consumption by the cell.

6. Lymph nodes, found along lymphatic vessels, are important for:

• A. Storing blood
• B. Producing antibodies
• C. Filtering lymph and trapping harmful substances
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, 'All of the above.' Lymph nodes are important for various functions in the immune system. They filter lymph, trapping harmful substances like bacteria and viruses, which helps in preventing infections. Lymph nodes also play a crucial role in producing antibodies, which are essential for fighting off pathogens. Additionally, lymph nodes do not store blood; that is the function of the spleen. Therefore, the correct answer is D because lymph nodes perform all the mentioned functions in supporting the body's immune response.

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