1. Which vitamin requires the lymphatic system for proper absorption from the intestine?

A. Vitamin A
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin B12

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 requires the presence of intrinsic factor, a protein produced by the stomach, for absorption in the small intestine. This complex is then absorbed in the ileum with the help of the intrinsic factor. The absorption of Vitamin B12 is a unique process that relies on the function of the lymphatic system to transport it throughout the body. Vitamins A, C, and D are absorbed through other mechanisms and do not require the lymphatic system for proper absorption.

2. A nurse needs to dilute 2 milliliters of a concentrated medication with 8 milliliters of sterile water. What is the final concentration of the solution in percent?

A. 16.67%
B. 20%
C. 25%
D. 50%

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Calculate the total volume of the solution (2 ml + 8 ml = 10 ml). Then, divide the volume of the concentrated medication by the total volume and multiply by 100%: (2 ml / 10 ml) * 100% = 20%.

3. How does the stability of an atom's nucleus influence its radioactive decay?

A. Stable nuclei never undergo radioactive decay.
B. Unstable nuclei are more likely to decay through various processes.
C. Decay releases energy, making stable nuclei more prone to it.
D. The element's position on the periodic table determines its decay rate.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Unstable nuclei are more likely to decay through various processes. The stability of an atom's nucleus is a key factor in determining whether it will undergo radioactive decay. Unstable nuclei have an excess of either protons or neutrons, leading to an imbalance in the nucleus. To achieve a more stable configuration, these nuclei will undergo radioactive decay by emitting particles or energy. Stable nuclei, on the other hand, are less likely to undergo radioactive decay as they have a balanced number of protons and neutrons.

4. Which of the following is the main organ responsible for filtering urine?

A. Kidneys
B. Bladder
C. Ureters
D. Urethra

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: The kidneys are the main organs responsible for filtering urine. They play a crucial role in the urinary system by filtering waste products and excess substances from the blood to produce urine. The urine then travels from the kidneys to the bladder through the ureters, where it is stored until it is expelled from the body through the urethra. The bladder stores urine temporarily, while the ureters are tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The urethra is the tube through which urine is expelled from the body.

5. Which of the following is NOT a part of the body's innate immune response?

A. Physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes
B. Phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens
C. Inflammatory response to isolate and contain infection
D. Production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D. The body's innate immune response is the first line of defense against pathogens, and it includes physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes (option A), phagocytes that engulf and destroy pathogens (option B), and the inflammatory response to isolate and contain infections (option C). The production of antibodies specific to a particular pathogen (option D) is part of the adaptive immune response, which develops over time and is not considered part of the innate immune system. Therefore, option D is not a component of the body's innate immune response.

6. During exercise, oxygen is used to convert glucose into energy for muscles. This process is called:

A. Aerobic respiration
B. Anaerobic respiration
C. Glycolysis
D. Lactic acid fermentation

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is 'A: Aerobic respiration.' During exercise, muscles require energy to function, and oxygen plays a crucial role in converting glucose into energy through aerobic respiration. This process occurs in the mitochondria of cells and involves the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP, the cell's energy currency. Aerobic respiration is efficient and produces a higher yield of ATP compared to anaerobic respiration or glycolysis alone. Anaerobic respiration (option B) and glycolysis (option C) are also involved in energy production but do not rely on oxygen. Lactic acid fermentation (option D) occurs when there is not enough oxygen available, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid. Therefore, the most appropriate answer is 'A: Aerobic respiration.'