Nursing Elites

1. What kind of lens focuses parallel light rays to a single point?

• A. Concave lens
• B. Convex lens
• C. Cylindrical lens
• D. Plano lens

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Convex lenses (converging lenses) bend incoming light rays inwards, focusing them to a point called the focal point.

2. Which of the following is a MAJOR consequence of a stroke?

• A. Irregular heart rhythm.
• B. Rapid weight gain or loss.
• C. Brain damage due to interrupted blood flow.
• D. Chronic fatigue and muscle weakness.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Brain damage due to interrupted blood flow.' A stroke occurs when there is a sudden interruption in the blood supply to the brain, leading to brain damage. This interruption can result in various consequences such as paralysis, speech and vision problems, cognitive impairments, and in severe cases, even death. Other options like 'Irregular heart rhythm' (A) and 'Chronic fatigue and muscle weakness' (D) can be associated with health conditions but are not direct consequences of a stroke. 'Rapid weight gain or loss' (B) is typically not a major consequence of a stroke compared to the significant impact of brain damage.

3. Julius orients his staff on the patterns of reporting relationship throughout the organization.

• A. Span of control
• B. Hierarchy
• C. Esprit d’ corps
• D. Unity of direction

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hierarchy. Hierarchy refers to the structure of authority and responsibility within an organization, including the levels of management and the reporting relationships. In this scenario, Julius is orienting his staff on the patterns of reporting relationships, which is a key aspect of hierarchy. Span of control refers to the number of employees a manager can effectively supervise, esprit de corps pertains to team spirit and unity among employees, and unity of direction relates to ensuring all activities are focused on the same objectives. Therefore, the most appropriate term for Julius's action is hierarchy.

4. he adrenal cortex produces a group of steroid hormones called corticosteroids. What is a MAJOR function of corticosteroids?

• A. Regulate insulin sensitivity and blood sugar levels
• B. Control blood pressure and electrolyte balance
• C. Stimulate the immune system and inflammatory response
• D. Promote growth and development during puberty

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Control blood pressure and electrolyte balance.' Corticosteroids, produced by the adrenal cortex, play a major role in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance in the body. These hormones, such as aldosterone, act on the kidneys to control the reabsorption of sodium and water, which in turn affects blood pressure and electrolyte levels. While corticosteroids can have effects on other physiological processes, their primary function is to regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance, making option B the most appropriate choice in this context.

5. What is the law of conservation of energy?

• A. Energy cannot be created, only destroyed
• B. Energy can be created but not destroyed
• C. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed from one form to another
• D. Energy is always created in any process

Correct answer:

Rationale: According to the law of conservation of energy, the total energy in a closed system remains constant; it can change forms but cannot be created or destroyed.

6. Coronary arteries are responsible for:

• A. Delivering oxygenated blood throughout the body.
• B. Supplying oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself.
• C. Carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
• D. Regulating blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Supplying oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself.' Coronary arteries are specialized blood vessels that branch off the aorta and provide oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. This is crucial for the heart to function properly and maintain its own blood supply separate from the systemic circulation. The other options are incorrect because delivering oxygenated blood throughout the body is the role of the systemic circulation and not specific to coronary arteries. Carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart is the function of veins, while regulating blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation is primarily controlled by arteries in general, not just the coronary arteries.

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