Nursing Elites

1. What is the name for the hard, protective protein that makes up hair and nails?

• A. Collagen
• B. Keratin
• C. Elastin
• D. Fibrin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Keratin. Keratin is the name for the hard, protective protein that makes up hair and nails. Collagen is a structural protein found in connective tissues, while elastin is a protein that allows tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching. Fibrin is a protein involved in blood clotting. Understanding the different roles of these proteins can help in identifying the correct answer as keratin specifically pertains to hair and nails.

2. Which of the following is the main organ responsible for absorbing nutrients?

• A. Stomach
• B. Small intestine
• C. Large intestine
• D. Pancreas

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: The small intestine is the main organ responsible for absorbing nutrients from the food we eat. It is where the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals occurs. The inner lining of the small intestine is covered in tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area available for nutrient absorption. The stomach plays a role in breaking down food into smaller particles, but the actual absorption of nutrients primarily takes place in the small intestine. The large intestine mainly absorbs water and electrolytes, while the pancreas produces digestive enzymes and hormones but is not primarily responsible for absorbing nutrients.

3. What happens during a physical change in matter?

• A. A new substance with different properties is formed
• B. The chemical composition of the substance changes
• C. The original substance can be recovered by physical means
• D. Energy is either released or absorbed

Correct answer: C

Rationale: During a physical change in matter, the original substance undergoes a change in its physical state or appearance without any change in its chemical composition. This means that the original substance can be recovered by physical means, such as melting, freezing, boiling, or condensing. No new substance is formed (option A), the chemical composition remains the same (option B), and energy changes can occur but are not a defining characteristic of a physical change (option D).

4. Identify the conjunction in the following sentence: He went to the store, but they were already closed.

• A. went
• B. to
• C. but
• D. they

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses. "But" joins two contrasting ideas in the sentence.

5. How does the structure of centromeres contribute to chromosome movement during mitosis?

• A. The centromere provides a binding site for spindle fibers, allowing chromosomes to be attached and manipulated.
• B. The centromere serves as a dividing point between sister chromatids, ensuring their separation during anaphase.
• C. The centromere maintains chromosome stability by preventing chromosomal breaks and rearrangements.
• D. The centromere plays a role in DNA replication, ensuring accurate copying of the genetic material.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A) The centromere provides a binding site for spindle fibers, which are microtubules that help move chromosomes during cell division. This attachment allows the chromosomes to be pulled towards opposite poles of the cell during mitosis. Therefore, the structure of centromeres directly contributes to chromosome movement during mitosis by facilitating the attachment and manipulation of chromosomes by the spindle fibers. B) While the centromere does serve as a dividing point between sister chromatids, ensuring their separation during anaphase, this function is more related to the segregation of chromosomes rather than their movement. C) The centromere does play a role in maintaining chromosome stability by ensuring proper chromosome segregation, but it is not primarily responsible for preventing chromosomal breaks and rearrangements. D) The centromere is not directly involved in DNA replication. Its main function is

6. Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocrine system?

• A. Regulating growth and development
• B. Maintaining blood sugar levels
• C. Controlling mood and emotions
• D. Facilitating digestion through muscle contractions

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The endocrine system is responsible for producing hormones that regulate various bodily functions. Option D, facilitating digestion through muscle contractions, is actually a function of the muscular and digestive systems, not the endocrine system. The endocrine system primarily regulates growth and development, maintains blood sugar levels through hormones like insulin and glucagon, and also plays a role in controlling mood and emotions through hormones such as serotonin and cortisol. Therefore, option D is correct as it is not a function directly associated with the endocrine system.

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