Nursing Elites

1. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body tissues. What is a potential cause of autoimmune diseases?

• A. Deficiency in essential vitamins and minerals
• B. Exposure to environmental toxins
• C. Breakdown in immune cell self-tolerance mechanisms
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Autoimmune diseases are triggered by a breakdown in immune cell self-tolerance mechanisms, where the immune system fails to recognize 'self' from 'non-self' cells, leading to attacks on healthy tissues. While deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals or exposure to environmental toxins can impact immune function, the root cause of autoimmune diseases is primarily attributed to the breakdown in self-tolerance mechanisms. This breakdown can be influenced by genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and other triggers, leading to the development of autoimmune conditions.

2. Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism, growth, and development?

• A. Calcitonin
• B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• C. Thyroxine
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: c

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Thyroxine. Thyroxine, also known as T4, is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism, growth, and development. It controls how the body uses energy, affects heart rate, and influences other vital functions. Calcitonin (A) is involved in calcium regulation, not metabolism. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (B) is produced by the parathyroid glands and regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the body. Insulin (D) is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels, not metabolism or growth.

3. Recognize the opposing muscle pair.

• A. Bicep and tricep (Arm flexion and extension)
• B. Hamstring and quadriceps (Knee extension and flexion)
• C. Pectoralis major and pectoralis minor (Chest muscles)
• D. Trapezius and deltoid (Shoulder movement)

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The bicep and tricep muscles are antagonistic muscle pairs, meaning they work in opposition to each other. The bicep is located on the front of the upper arm and is responsible for flexing the elbow joint. The tricep is located on the back of the upper arm and is responsible for extending the elbow joint.

4. Differentiate between genotype and phenotype in the context of gene expression.

• A. Genotype refers to the physical manifestation of a trait, while phenotype represents its underlying genetic makeup.
• B. Genotype encompasses the spectrum of possible traits encoded by an organism's genes, while phenotype signifies the specific trait observed.
• C. Genotype denotes the presence of dominant alleles, while phenotype reflects the influence of recessive alleles.
• D. There is no distinction; both terms are interchangeable.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: - Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, including all the genes and alleles it possesses. - Phenotype, on the other hand, refers to the observable physical characteristics or traits of an organism, which result from the interaction between its genotype and the environment. - While genotype represents the genetic potential or range of traits that an organism can express, phenotype reflects the actual expression of specific traits. - Therefore, option B correctly captures the distinction between genotype and phenotype in the context of gene expression.

5. Warming up before exercise is important to help prevent

• A. Dehydration
• B. Muscle soreness
• C. Increased heart rate
• D. Low blood sugar

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Muscle soreness.' Warming up before exercise is crucial as it helps increase blood flow to the muscles, warming them up and making them more flexible. This can help reduce the risk of muscle soreness and injury during and after exercise. Dehydration (A) is more related to maintaining proper fluid balance through hydration. Increased heart rate (C) is a normal response to exercise and can be beneficial. Low blood sugar (D) is more of a concern for individuals with conditions like diabetes. Therefore, the most immediate benefit of warming up is to prevent muscle soreness.

6. Identify the determiner in the following sentence: A few birds chirped happily in the branches of the tall tree.

• A. happily
• B. ranches
• C. few
• D. tree

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Determiners specify the quantity or identity of a noun. "Few" indicates the number of birds.

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