Nursing Elites

1. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body tissues. What is a potential cause of autoimmune diseases?

• A. Deficiency in essential vitamins and minerals
• B. Exposure to environmental toxins
• C. Breakdown in immune cell self-tolerance mechanisms
• D. All of the above

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Autoimmune diseases are triggered by a breakdown in immune cell self-tolerance mechanisms, where the immune system fails to recognize 'self' from 'non-self' cells, leading to attacks on healthy tissues. While deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals or exposure to environmental toxins can impact immune function, the root cause of autoimmune diseases is primarily attributed to the breakdown in self-tolerance mechanisms. This breakdown can be influenced by genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and other triggers, leading to the development of autoimmune conditions.

2. What is the net ionic equation for the reaction: 2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + BaCl2(aq)?

• A. 2H+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → 2H2O(l)
• B. 2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) → BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
• C. 2H+(aq) + Ba2+(aq) → Ba2+(aq) + 2H+(aq)
• D. Ba(OH)2(aq) + HCl(aq) → BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

Correct answer: a

Rationale: The net ionic equation includes only the species that undergo a change during the reaction.

3. What is the term for a repetitive, involuntary muscle contraction that can cause pain and stiffness?

• A. Cramp
• B. Spasm
• C. Tic
• D. Fibrosis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Spasm.' A spasm is a sudden, involuntary muscle contraction that can cause pain and stiffness. Cramps are a type of spasm characterized by intense, localized pain and temporary muscle tightness. Tics are repetitive, involuntary movements or vocalizations. Fibrosis refers to the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue, not related to muscle contractions. Therefore, 'spasm' best fits the description provided in the question.

4. Look at the following electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6. To which group and period does this element belong?

• A. Group 16, Period 3
• B. Group 14, Period 3
• C. Group 18, Period 3
• D. Group 17, Period 2

Correct answer: C

Rationale: ) Group 18, Period 3. Count the total electrons (2 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 6 = 18) and observe the completely filled energy levels. This points to a noble gas in Group 18 (Neon) during Period 3.

5. What is the function of the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart?

• A. o generate electrical impulses for heart contraction
• B. To transport blood throughout the body
• C. To provide lubrication for heart movement
• D. To protect the heart and anchor it in place

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, serves primarily to protect the heart and anchor it in place. It acts as a protective barrier against external infections or damage and helps to maintain the heart's position within the chest cavity. Additionally, the pericardium also provides some degree of shock absorption to minimize physical trauma to the heart. While the heart's electrical impulses for contraction originate from within the heart itself and are not generated by the pericardium, it does not play a role in directly generating these impulses. Therefore, option D, 'To protect the heart and anchor it in place,' is the correct function of the pericardium.

6. The involuntary "fight-or-flight" response is controlled by the:

• A. Sympathetic nervous system
• B. Parasympathetic nervous system
• C. Enteric nervous system
• D. Sensory nervous system

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sympathetic nervous system. The "fight-or-flight" response is an automatic physiological reaction triggered by the sympathetic nervous system in response to a perceived threat or stressor. This system prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and redirecting blood flow to muscles. The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, controls the body's "rest-and-digest" response, promoting relaxation and digestion. The enteric nervous system primarily regulates the gastrointestinal system, while the sensory nervous system is responsible for transmitting sensory information to the brain. Therefore, the sympathetic nervous system is specifically responsible for initiating the fight-or-flight response.

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