1. What type of enzyme breaks down carbohydrates like starches and sugars in the mouth?

A. Pepsin
B. Lipase
C. Amylase
D. Trypsin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Amylase. Amylase is an enzyme specifically responsible for breaking down carbohydrates like starches and sugars in the mouth. It is produced by both the salivary glands and the pancreas. Pepsin (A) is an enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach, lipase (B) breaks down fats, and trypsin (D) is another enzyme that digests proteins but is produced in the pancreas and works in the small intestine. Therefore, amylase is the enzyme that targets carbohydrates in the mouth, aiding in the initial digestion process of these nutrients.

2. Which organelle is responsible for carrying out photosynthesis in plant cells?

A. Golgi apparatus
B. Mitochondria
C. Chloroplasts
D. Lysosomes

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: A) Golgi apparatus: The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or for use within the cell. It is not involved in photosynthesis. B) Mitochondria: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell and are responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. They are not involved in photosynthesis. C) Chloroplasts: Chloroplasts are the organelles responsible for carrying out photosynthesis in plant cells. They contain chlorophyll, a pigment that captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy in the form of glucose. D) Lysosomes: Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris. They are not involved in photosynthesis. Therefore, the correct answer is C) Chloroplasts, as they are specifically responsible for carrying out photosynthesis in plant

3. Nuclear fission is a process characterized by:

A. A heavy nucleus capturing a neutron and releasing energy
B. The fusion of two nuclei to form a heavier element
C. A lighter element emitting an alpha particle through radioactive decay
D. An electron being absorbed by the nucleus with the release of a gamma ray

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Nuclear fission is a process characterized by a heavy nucleus capturing a neutron and splitting into smaller nuclei, releasing a significant amount of energy in the form of heat and radiation. This differs from nuclear fusion, which involves the merging of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier element. The emission of an alpha particle by a lighter element is a form of radioactive decay, not fission. Absorption of an electron by the nucleus with the release of a gamma ray is not representative of fission reactions. Therefore, option A correctly describes the process of nuclear fission.

4. According to the passage, learning from history can help us

A. predict future events with complete certainty.
B. avoid any possibility of making mistakes in the present.
C. identify potential challenges and develop innovative solutions.
D. directly replicate the successes of past societies in our own time.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The passage emphasizes learning from both successes and failures, identifying potential obstacles, and using historical knowledge to create solutions for current problems.

5. Describe the concept of inertia in terms of Newton's first law.

A. Objects in motion tend to remain in motion unless acted upon by an external force
B. Objects at rest tend to remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force
C. An object's resistance to a change in its state of motion
D. The force required to lift an object

Correct answer: c

Rationale: Inertia refers to an object's tendency to maintain its current state of motion (either at rest or in motion) unless acted upon by an external force.