Nursing Elites

1. The epiglottis is a small flap of cartilage located near the base of the tongue. What is its role during swallowing?

• A. Initiates the swallowing reflex
• B. Grinds food into smaller pieces
• C. Covers the trachea to prevent food aspiration
• D. Stores saliva for lubrication

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The epiglottis is a crucial anatomical structure that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food aspiration. When we swallow, the epiglottis folds over the trachea, directing food and liquids down the esophagus instead of entering the airway. This action helps to ensure that the food and liquids go to the stomach for digestion and not into the lungs, which can lead to aspiration pneumonia, a serious condition. Therefore, option C, 'Covers the trachea to prevent food aspiration,' is the correct role of the epiglottis during swallowing.

2. What tool helps scientists identify and classify organisms based on their shared characteristics?

• A. Binomial nomenclature
• B. Cladistics
• C. Dichotomous key
• D. Domain-based classification

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: A) Binomial nomenclature is a system used to give each organism a two-part scientific name (genus and species) but does not help in identifying or classifying organisms based on shared characteristics. B) Cladistics is a method of classification based on evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics, but it is not a tool used for identifying organisms. C) Dichotomous key is a tool that helps scientists identify and classify organisms based on their shared characteristics by presenting a series of choices leading the user to the correct identification. D) Domain-based classification is a system of classification that groups organisms into three domains (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) based on molecular and genetic similarities, but it is not a tool used for identifying organisms based on shared characteristics.

3. Kathleen knows that one of her staff is experiencing burnout. Which of the following is the

• A. Advise her staff to go on vacation.
• B. Ignore her observations; it will be resolved even without intervention
• C. Remind her to show loyalty to the institution.
• D. Let the staff ventilate her feelings and ask how she can be of help.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 'Remind her to show loyalty to the institution.' When an employee is experiencing burnout, it is important for the supervisor to address the issue with compassion and support. Reminding the staff member to show loyalty to the institution can help them feel valued and appreciated, which can contribute to their overall well-being. This response emphasizes the importance of fostering a positive work environment and promoting a sense of belonging. Options A and B do not address the root cause of burnout and may not effectively support the staff member. Option D, while encouraging communication, does not address the loyalty aspect which can be crucial in improving morale and reducing burnout.

4. What is the term for the time it takes for a wave to complete one full cycle?

• A. Frequency
• B. Amplitude
• C. Period
• D. Wavelength

Correct answer: c

Rationale: The period of a wave is the time taken for one complete oscillation or cycle.

5. Newton's rings are a visual demonstration of:

• A. Diffraction
• B. Doppler effect
• C. Polarization
• D. Thin-film interference

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Newton's rings are a series of concentric colored rings observed when light is reflected between a spherical surface and a flat surface. This phenomenon is a result of thin-film interference, which occurs due to the varying thickness of the air gap between the surfaces. The interference of light waves results in constructive and destructive interference, leading to the formation of the rings. Diffraction, the bending of light around obstacles, is not the cause of Newton's rings. The Doppler effect involves the change in frequency of waves due to motion and is not relevant in this context. Polarization refers to the orientation of electromagnetic waves, which is not the primary factor in the formation of Newton's rings. Therefore, the correct answer is D: Thin-film interference.

6. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets and destroys which type of immune cell?

• A. Neutrophils
• B. Macrophages
• C. Helper T cells
• D. Memory B cells

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Helper T cells. HIV targets and destroys Helper T cells, which are a crucial component of the immune system responsible for coordinating the immune response. Neutrophils and macrophages are also important immune cells, but they are not the primary target of HIV. Memory B cells are responsible for mounting a rapid response upon re-exposure to a pathogen but are not the main target of HIV. Thus, HIV primarily affects Helper T cells, leading to the weakening of the immune system and the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

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