Nursing Elites

1. What is the unit of measurement for power?

• A. Joule (J)
• B. Newton (N)
• C. Watt (W)
• D. Kilogram-meter (kg·m)

Correct answer: c

Rationale: Power is measured in watts (W) in the SI unit system.

2. Regular exercise is beneficial for the muscular system by:

• A. Decreasing muscle mass
• B. Improving muscle strength and endurance
• C. Making muscles less flexible
• D. Increasing the risk of muscle tears

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Improving muscle strength and endurance.' Regular exercise is beneficial for the muscular system as it helps to strengthen muscles and increase endurance. By engaging in consistent physical activity, muscles adapt and grow stronger, which can enhance overall physical performance and reduce the risk of injury. Exercise also improves blood flow to the muscles, aiding in their recovery and growth. It does not decrease muscle mass (A), make muscles less flexible (C), or increase the risk of muscle tears (D), as long as proper form and gradual progression are followed.

3. Action potentials, the all-or-nothing electrical signals traveling along neurons, are generated by the movement of:

• A. Glucose
• B. Sodium and potassium ions
• C. Neurotransmitters
• D. Myelin

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Sodium and potassium ions. Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuronal membrane. During depolarization, sodium ions rush into the cell, causing a change in electrical charge. This influx of positive ions triggers the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels, allowing potassium ions to exit the cell during repolarization. Glucose is a source of energy for cells but does not directly generate action potentials. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers released at synapses, while myelin is a fatty substance that insulates axons, speeding up the conduction of action potentials but not directly generating them.

4. Myelin sheath is a fatty substance that insulates and protects the long extensions of some nerve cells. It is produced by:

• A. Schwann cells
• B. Astrocytes
• C. Neurons
• D. Oligodendrocytes

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Schwann cells. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system that produce the myelin sheath around axons. Myelin sheath is essential for the rapid conduction of nerve impulses and provides insulation and protection to nerve fibers. Astrocytes are glial cells that provide support and maintain homeostasis in the central nervous system, but they do not produce myelin. Neurons are the main functional units of the nervous system responsible for transmitting nerve impulses. Oligodendrocytes are another type of glial cell in the central nervous system that produce myelin sheath around axons in that region, not in the peripheral nervous system where Schwann cells are responsible for myelination.

5. According to the passage, learning from history can help us

• A. predict future events with complete certainty.
• B. avoid any possibility of making mistakes in the present.
• C. identify potential challenges and develop innovative solutions.
• D. directly replicate the successes of past societies in our own time.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The passage emphasizes learning from both successes and failures, identifying potential obstacles, and using historical knowledge to create solutions for current problems.

6. Which part of the neuron receives signals from other neurons and conducts them toward the cell body?

• A. Axon
• B. Dendrite
• C. Synapse
• D. Myelin sheath

Correct answer: b

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dendrite. Dendrites are the part of the neuron that receive signals from other neurons and conduct them toward the cell body. They have numerous branches and are covered in synapses, allowing them to receive signals from multiple neurons. The axon, on the other hand, conducts signals away from the cell body towards other neurons or to muscles or glands. The synapse is the junction between two neurons where communication occurs, and the myelin sheath is a fatty layer that insulates and speeds up the conduction of electrical impulses along the axon. Therefore, the dendrite is specifically designed to receive and integrate incoming signals, making it the correct answer in this case.

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