Nursing Elites

1. The professor explained the concept clearly. What is the past participle of the verb "explain"?

• A. explains
• B. explaining
• C. explained
• D. explanation

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The past participle is used to form verb tenses and passive voice constructions.

2. The term "bioaccumulate" refers to...

• A. The natural decomposition of organic materials.
• B. The buildup of a substance in living organisms.
• C. The contamination of seawater with chemical pollutants.
• D. The physical entanglement of animals with plastic debris.

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The passage describes microplastics entering food chains and accumulating in organisms, aligning with bioaccumulation.

3. Which of the following describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

• A. Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells don't.
• B. Eukaryotic cells are simpler in structure than prokaryotic cells.
• C. Prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells don't.
• D. Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack these.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 'Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells don't.' Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus enclosed within a nuclear membrane. This distinction is a fundamental difference between the two cell types. Choice B is incorrect because eukaryotic cells are actually more complex than prokaryotic cells due to their membrane-bound organelles. Choice C is incorrect because prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles. Choice D is incorrect because eukaryotic cells have both a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, unlike prokaryotic cells. Understanding this key difference is crucial in understanding the diversity of cell types in living organisms.

4. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to develop memory without causing full-blown illness. What type of molecule in a vaccine typically triggers the immune response?

• A. Toxins produced by the pathogen
• B. Live, attenuated (weakened) forms of the pathogen
• C. Inactivated (dead) forms of the pathogen
• D. Antigens (specific molecules) from the pathogen

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Antigens (specific molecules) from the pathogen. Vaccines contain antigens, which are specific molecules from the pathogen that trigger the immune response without causing the full-blown illness. By presenting these antigens to the immune system, vaccines stimulate the production of memory cells that can recognize and combat the pathogen in the future. Options A, B, and C are incorrect because vaccines typically do not contain toxins, live attenuated forms, or inactivated forms of the pathogen. Instead, they contain specific antigens to induce an immune response without causing the actual disease.

5. What type of bond involves the complete transfer of electrons between atoms?

• A. Covalent bond
• B. Ionic bond
• C. Metallic bond
• D. Hydrogen bond

Correct answer: B

Rationale: Ionic bond - Electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another, creating cations and anions with strong electrostatic attraction.

6. What hormone signals the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas?

• A. Gastrin
• B. Insulin
• C. Glucagon
• D. Secretin

Correct answer: D

Rationale: Rationale: A) Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric acid in the stomach, not digestive enzymes from the pancreas. B) Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, but it does not directly signal the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. C) Glucagon is another hormone produced by the pancreas that works opposite to insulin by increasing blood sugar levels, but it is not involved in signaling the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. D) Secretin is a hormone released by the small intestine in response to the presence of acidic chyme. It stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize the acidity of the chyme and also triggers the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas to aid in digestion. Therefore, secretin is the hormone that signals the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas.

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