Nursing Elites

1. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood. What is the main nitrogenous waste product the kidneys eliminate?

• A. Carbon dioxide
• B. Ammonia
• C. Urea
• D. Glucose

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Urea. The kidneys filter waste products from the blood to maintain a proper balance of electrolytes and remove toxins. Urea is the main nitrogenous waste product formed from the breakdown of proteins in the liver. It is then excreted by the kidneys through urine. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration and is eliminated primarily through the lungs. Ammonia is a toxic compound that is converted to urea in the liver before being excreted by the kidneys. Glucose is a sugar that is normally reabsorbed by the kidneys and not excreted as waste.

2. Pinpoint the smallest bone in the human body.

• A. Stapes (Middle ear bone)
• B. Patella (Kneecap)
• C. Phalanges (Finger bones)
• D. Ribs

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The stapes, crucial for hearing, transmits and amplifies sound vibrations. Despite its size, it plays a vital role in auditory perception.

3. Which of the following phases of the cell cycle is characterized by the replication of DNA?

• A. Interphase
• B. Mitosis
• C. Meiosis
• D. Cytokinesis

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell spends the majority of its time and is characterized by three subphases: G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), and G2 (Gap 2). During the S phase of interphase, DNA replication occurs, leading to the duplication of the genetic material in the cell. This ensures that each daughter cell produced during cell division receives a complete set of genetic information. Mitosis is the phase of the cell cycle where the replicated DNA is divided equally between two daughter cells, while meiosis is a specialized type of cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms to produce gametes. Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

4. What is the common name for the compound CH₃COOH?

• A. Acetic acid
• B. Formic acid
• C. Butyric acid
• D. Propionic acid

Correct answer: A

Rationale: CH₃COOH is commonly known as acetic acid. The other choices represent different organic acids.

5. What type of enzyme breaks down carbohydrates like starches and sugars in the mouth?

• A. Pepsin
• B. Lipase
• C. Amylase
• D. Trypsin

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Amylase. Amylase is an enzyme specifically responsible for breaking down carbohydrates like starches and sugars in the mouth. It is produced by both the salivary glands and the pancreas. Pepsin (A) is an enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach, lipase (B) breaks down fats, and trypsin (D) is another enzyme that digests proteins but is produced in the pancreas and works in the small intestine. Therefore, amylase is the enzyme that targets carbohydrates in the mouth, aiding in the initial digestion process of these nutrients.

6. Identify the indirect object in the following sentence: "He gave his mother a bouquet of flowers."

• A. mother
• B. bouquet
• C. flowers
• D. gave

Correct answer: A

Rationale: The indirect object tells who or what benefits from the action of the verb.

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