Nursing Elites

1. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs responsible for filtering waste products from the blood. What is the main nitrogenous waste product the kidneys eliminate?

• A. Carbon dioxide
• B. Ammonia
• C. Urea
• D. Glucose

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Urea. The kidneys filter waste products from the blood to maintain a proper balance of electrolytes and remove toxins. Urea is the main nitrogenous waste product formed from the breakdown of proteins in the liver. It is then excreted by the kidneys through urine. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration and is eliminated primarily through the lungs. Ammonia is a toxic compound that is converted to urea in the liver before being excreted by the kidneys. Glucose is a sugar that is normally reabsorbed by the kidneys and not excreted as waste.

2. Which type of glial cell provides structural support and insulation for neurons in the central nervous system?

• A. Schwann cells
• B. Astrocytes
• C. Oligodendrocytes
• D. Microglia

Correct answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes are a type of glial cell found in the central nervous system that provide structural support and insulation for neurons by forming myelin sheaths around axons. Schwann cells, on the other hand, are found in the peripheral nervous system. Astrocytes play a role in nutrient transfer and maintaining the blood-brain barrier. Microglia are responsible for immune defense and clearing debris in the CNS. Therefore, oligodendrocytes are specifically responsible for providing structural support and insulation for neurons in the central nervous system.

3. Which hormone, produced by the pancreas, is released in response to low blood sugar levels and stimulates the release of glucose into the bloodstream?

• A. Insulin
• B. Glucagon
• C. Cortisol
• D. Thyroxine

Correct answer: b

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that is released in response to low blood sugar levels, also known as hypoglycemia. When blood sugar levels drop, glucagon acts to stimulate the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream, helping to raise blood sugar levels back to a normal range. Insulin, on the other hand, is released in response to high blood sugar levels and helps to lower blood sugar by promoting the uptake of glucose by cells. Cortisol is a stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands, and thyroxine is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism. Therefore, glucagon is the hormone specifically responsible for stimulating the release of glucose into the bloodstream in response to low blood sugar levels.

4. Which statement accurately describes the periodic trends in atomic radius?

• A. Increases down a group and decreases across a period
• B. Decreases down a group and increases across a period
• C. Remains constant throughout the table
• D. Fluctuates unpredictably based on individual elements

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Moving down a group, additional electron shells increase the distance from the nucleus, leading to larger atomic radii. Moving across a period, the number of electron shells remains constant, but the increasing nuclear charge pulls electrons closer, resulting in smaller radii.

5. What is the role of the appendix, a small pouch attached to the large intestine?

• A. To store waste products
• B. To produce immune cells
• C. To secrete digestive enzymes
• D. To regulate blood sugar levels

Correct answer: B

Rationale: While the exact function of the appendix is still debated, it likely houses lymphoid tissue, contributing to the immune system.

6. Which hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism, growth, and development?

• A. Calcitonin
• B. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
• C. Thyroxine
• D. Insulin

Correct answer: c

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Thyroxine. Thyroxine, also known as T4, is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism, growth, and development. It controls how the body uses energy, affects heart rate, and influences other vital functions. Calcitonin (A) is involved in calcium regulation, not metabolism. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (B) is produced by the parathyroid glands and regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the body. Insulin (D) is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels, not metabolism or growth.

Similar Questions