1. Which division of the nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, preparing the body to respond to stressful situations?

A. Somatic nervous system
B. Autonomic nervous system
C. Peripheral nervous system
D. Central nervous system

Correct answer: b

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions, including the 'fight or flight' response. This response is crucial for survival, triggering the body to prepare for action in stressful situations by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and releasing adrenaline. The somatic nervous system (A) controls voluntary movements, the peripheral nervous system (C) connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body, and the central nervous system (D) consists of the brain and spinal cord, overseeing all bodily functions but not directly involved in the 'fight or flight' response.

2. Electrons occupy specific energy levels around the nucleus with varying probabilities. The electron cloud model depicts electrons existing in distinct energy levels, not fixed orbits, with probabilities of finding them in specific regions.

A. 2 protons and 6 neutrons
B. 2 filled s orbitals and 6 filled p orbitals
C. 2s orbitals with 2 and 6 electrons, respectively
D. 4 filled electron shells

Correct answer: B

Rationale: 2 filled s orbitals and 6 filled p orbitals. This notation indicates two electrons in the 2s orbital and six electrons in the 2p orbitals.

3. What is the pH value of a neutral solution?

A. 0
B. 7
C. 14
D. -7

Correct answer:

Rationale: A neutral solution has a pH of 7. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.

4. The ureters are paired tubes that transport urine from the:

A. Bladder to the urethra
B. Kidneys to the bladder
C. Urethra to the kidneys
D. Skin to the kidneys

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 'Kidneys to the bladder.' The ureters are paired tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Once urine is produced in the kidneys, it travels through the ureters to be stored in the bladder until it is eliminated from the body through the urethra. Option A, 'Bladder to the urethra,' is incorrect because the ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder, not from the bladder to the urethra. Option C, 'Urethra to the kidneys,' and option D, 'Skin to the kidneys,' are both inaccurate as they do not describe the correct direction of urine flow in the urinary system. Understanding the anatomy and function of the urinary system is essential for comprehending how urine is produced and excreted by the body.

5. What happens to the speed of a sound wave when it travels from air to water?

A. It increases because water is denser.
B. It decreases because water is denser.
C. It remains the same.
D. Speed depends on the frequency, not the medium.

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Sound waves travel faster in denser mediums like water compared to air due to stronger interactions between particles.

6. What is the primary factor that determines whether a solute will dissolve in a solvent?

A. Temperature
B. Pressure
C. Molecular structure
D. Particle size

Correct answer: c

Rationale: The molecular structure of the solute and solvent plays a key role in determining solubility. The other choices may influence solubility but are not the primary determining factor.