1. Which structure in the respiratory system is responsible for preventing food and liquids from entering the trachea during swallowing?

A. Bronchi
B. Larynx
C. Alveoli
D. Pharynx

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Larynx. The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a crucial structure in the respiratory system responsible for preventing food and liquids from entering the trachea during swallowing. It contains the epiglottis, a flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing to ensure that food and liquids are directed to the esophagus instead of entering the airway. The bronchi are the two main branches that carry air into the lungs, while alveoli are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. The pharynx is a shared pathway for both air and food, located behind the oral and nasal cavities. Therefore, the larynx plays a vital role in protecting the respiratory system during swallowing.

2. Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration, producing ATP for energy?

A. Nucleus
B. Mitochondria
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Vacuole

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mitochondria. Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they are responsible for cellular respiration, a process that produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy. The other organelles listed, such as the nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and vacuole, do not play a direct role in cellular respiration or ATP production. The mitochondria contain specialized structures like cristae and enzymes that carry out the biochemical reactions of cellular respiration, making them essential for energy production in the cell.

3. The T wave on an ECG corresponds to:

A. Atrial depolarization
B. Ventricular depolarization
C. Atrial repolarization
D. Ventricular repolarization

Correct answer: D

Rationale: The T wave on an ECG corresponds to ventricular repolarization. During this phase, the ventricles are resetting electrically after contraction, preparing for the next heartbeat. Atrial depolarization is represented by the P wave, ventricular depolarization by the QRS complex, and atrial repolarization is typically hidden within the QRS complex. Therefore, option D, 'Ventricular repolarization,' is the correct choice when identifying the electrical activity represented by the T wave on an ECG.

4. You need to buy cardboard to cover a rectangular box with dimensions 40cm by 30cm by 25cm. Considering only the exterior surfaces (not flaps or openings), how much cardboard do you need (assume one sheet covers 0.5 sq m)?

A. 0.3 sq m
B. 0.6 sq m
C. 1.2 sq m
D. 1.8 sq m

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Calculate the areas of each side and add them up for the total surface area. Divide by the coverage area per sheet to determine the number of sheets needed.

5. What is the purpose of genetic counseling?

A. To treat genetic disorders.
B. To diagnose genetic diseases in newborns.
C. To provide information and support to individuals and families with genetic risks.
D. To collect DNA samples for research purposes.

Correct answer: C

Rationale: To provide information and support to individuals and families with genetic risks. Genetic counselors explain the implications of genetic testing, discuss risks and options, and offer emotional and psychological support.