Nursing Elites

1. What is the formula for calculating molarity?

• A. M = n/V
• B. M = n/L
• C. M = mol/L
• D. M = mol/dm³

Correct answer: a

Rationale: All of these choices are equivalent to the original formula. The symbol "n" represents the number of moles of solute, and the symbol "V" represents the volume of the solution in liters. The symbol "L" is an abbreviation for "liters," and "dm³" is an alternative way to represent liters.

2. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing kidney stones?

• A. Consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables
• B. Maintaining adequate hydration with water
• C. Having a family history of kidney stones
• D. Regularly engaging in moderate exercise

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Having a family history of kidney stones is a risk factor for developing them because genetics play a role in kidney stone formation. Individuals with a family history are more likely to inherit genetic factors that increase the likelihood of developing kidney stones. While consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, maintaining adequate hydration with water, and regularly engaging in moderate exercise are generally healthy habits that can help prevent kidney stones, they are not direct risk factors for developing them. Therefore, option C, having a family history of kidney stones, is the correct answer.

3. The number of protons in an atom is determined by its:

• A. Atomic mass
• B. Electron configuration
• C. Chemical properties
• D. Atomic number

Correct answer: C

Rationale: Atomic number is a fundamental property of an element and is independent of its mass, electron configuration, or chemical behavior.

4. Antigen-antibody binding is the principle behind:

• A. Vaccination
• B. Disinfection
• C. Sterilization
• D. antibiotic resistance

Correct answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Antigen-antibody binding is the principle behind vaccination. When a vaccine containing antigens (weakened or killed pathogens) is introduced into the body, the immune system produces antibodies that bind to these antigens. This binding triggers an immune response, leading to the production of memory cells that provide immunity against future infections by the same pathogen. Vaccination helps the body develop immunity without causing the disease itself, thereby protecting individuals from infectious diseases. Disinfection and sterilization involve different processes to eliminate or reduce pathogens on surfaces or objects. Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon where bacteria evolve to resist the effects of antibiotics and is not directly related to antigen-antibody binding.

5. The inability of the kidneys to effectively filter waste products from the blood is called:

• A. Dehydration
• B. Kidney failure
• C. Incontinence
• D. Nephritis

Correct answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: "Kidney failure." Kidney failure refers to the inability of the kidneys to effectively filter waste products from the blood, leading to a buildup of toxins in the body. Dehydration, option A, is the state of lacking adequate fluid in the body and is not specifically related to kidney function. Incontinence, option C, is the loss of bladder control and is unrelated to kidney filtration function. Nephritis, option D, specifically refers to inflammation of the kidneys and may not always result in complete kidney failure. Therefore, the most appropriate answer for the described scenario is B.

6. What happens to the density of a gas when its temperature increases at constant pressure?

• A. It increases.
• B. It decreases.
• C. It remains the same.
• D. Information insufficient

Correct answer: B

Rationale: As gas particles gain thermal energy with increasing temperature, they spread out, decreasing the density.

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